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This review provides a comprehensive overview of breast cancer biology, genomics, and microbial dysbiosis, focusing on its various subtypes and racial differences. Breast cancer is primarily classified into carcinomas and sarcomas, with carcinomas constituting most cases. Epidemiology and breast cancer risk factors are important for public health intervention. Staging and grading, based on the TNM and Nottingham grading systems, respectively, are crucial to determining the clinical outcome and treatment decisions. Histopathological subtypes include in situ and invasive carcinomas, such as invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). The review explores molecular subtypes, including Luminal A, Luminal B, Basal-like (Triple Negative), and HER2-enriched, and delves into breast cancer\u2019s histological and molecular progression patterns. Recent research findings related to nuclear and mitochondrial genetic alterations, epigenetic reprogramming, and the role of microbiome dysbiosis in breast cancer and racial differences are also reported. The review also provides an update on breast cancer\u2019s current diagnostics and treatment modalities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252313165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T04:01:37Z","timestamp":1733716897000},"page":"13165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Genomic and Biologic Landscapes of Breast Cancer and Racial Differences"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Sapthala P Loku","family":"Galappaththi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Frederick P. Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA"},{"name":"Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6999-0845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly R.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Frederick P. Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA"},{"name":"Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enas S.","family":"Alsatari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Frederick P. Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA"},{"name":"Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Frederick P. Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna L.","family":"Dyess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Frederick P. Whiddon College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elba A.","family":"Turbat-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Frederick P. 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