{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T07:50:34Z","timestamp":1771487434054,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,7]],"date-time":"2024-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences at the University of Lausanne and by the Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["310030_185161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310030_185161"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Olfactory sensitivity to odorant molecules is a complex biological function influenced by both endogenous factors, such as genetic background and physiological state, and exogenous factors, such as environmental conditions. In animals, this vital ability is mediated by olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), which are distributed across several specialized olfactory subsystems depending on the species. Using the phosphorylation of the ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) in OSNs following sensory stimulation, we developed an ex vivo assay allowing the simultaneous conditioning and odorant stimulation of different mouse olfactory subsystems, including the main olfactory epithelium, the vomeronasal organ, and the Grueneberg ganglion. This approach enabled us to observe odorant-induced neuronal activity within the different olfactory subsystems and to demonstrate the impact of environmental conditioning, such as temperature variations, on olfactory sensitivity, specifically in the Grueneberg ganglion. We further applied our rpS6-based assay to the human olfactory system and demonstrated its feasibility. Our findings show that analyzing rpS6 signal intensity is a robust and highly reproducible indicator of neuronal activity across various olfactory systems, while avoiding stress and some experimental limitations associated with in vivo exposure. The potential extension of this assay to other conditioning paradigms and olfactory systems, as well as its application to other animal species, including human olfactory diagnostics, is also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252313173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T04:01:37Z","timestamp":1733716897000},"page":"13173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Development of an rpS6-Based Ex Vivo Assay for the Analysis of Neuronal Activity in Mouse and Human Olfactory Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Emma","family":"Broillet-Olivier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Charles University, 500 00 Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ya\u00eblle","family":"Wenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Bugnon 27, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noah","family":"Gilliand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Bugnon 27, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hugues","family":"Cadas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Bugnon 9, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty Unit of Anatomy and Morphology, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Vulliette 4, CH-1000 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2960-9138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Sabatasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Bugnon 9, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty Unit of Anatomy and Morphology, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Vulliette 4, CH-1000 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie-Christine","family":"Broillet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Bugnon 27, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2335-3058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julien","family":"Brechb\u00fchl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Bugnon 27, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/35093026","article-title":"How the olfactory system makes sense of scents","volume":"413","author":"Firestein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.70.113006.100608","article-title":"Subsystem organization of the mammalian sense of smell","volume":"71","author":"Munger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. 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