{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T12:50:27Z","timestamp":1793019027610,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,7]],"date-time":"2024-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["122020900136-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122020900136-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The formation of mature spermatozoa originates from spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) located near the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules. This developmental process, known as spermatogenesis, is tightly regulated to ensure continuous sperm production. A critical aspect of this regulation is the balance between SSC differentiation and self-renewal, which is directed by various factors guiding SSCs in either of these two directions. The SSC niche, defined functionally rather than anatomically, includes all factors necessary for SSC maintenance. These factors are produced by cells surrounding the SSC niche, collectively creating the microenvironment of the seminiferous tubules. Coordination between the cells in this microenvironment is essential for the proper function of the SSC niche and successful spermatogenesis. Testicular mast cells (MCs) significantly influence the regulation of this niche, as they contain various biologically active substances that regulate a wide range of physiological processes and contribute to different pathological conditions affecting fertility. This review explores the effects of testicular MCs on SSCs, their role in regulating spermatogenesis under normal and pathological conditions, and their interactions with other components of the testicular microenvironment, with a focus on their potentially critical impact on spermatogenesis and male fertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252313177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T04:01:37Z","timestamp":1733716897000},"page":"13177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Mast Cells as a Component of Spermatogonial Stem Cells\u2019 Microenvironment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Sadek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Ural Federal University Named After the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia"},{"name":"Central Experimental Laboratory of Biotechnology, Institute of Medical Cell Technologies of the Sverdlovsk Region, 620026 Ekaterinburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulia","family":"Khramtsova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunophysiology and Immunopharmacology, Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Yushkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunophysiology and Immunopharmacology, Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.006","article-title":"The epidemiology of male infertility","volume":"41","author":"Winters","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caroppo, E., and Colpi, G.M. (2023). Male Infertility: A Review of Key Papers Appearing in the Reproductive Medicine and Andrology Section of the Journal of Clinical Medicine. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12062366"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1532\/IJH97.05088","article-title":"The niche for spermatogonial stem cells in the mammalian testis","volume":"82","author":"Ogawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Rooij, D.G. (2015). The spermatogonial stem cell niche in mammals. Sertoli Cell Biology, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-417047-6.00004-1"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2014.01.019","article-title":"Mouse spermatogenic stem cells continually interconvert between equipotent singly isolated and syncytial states","volume":"14","author":"Hara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-196803000-00009","article-title":"Heterotopic transplants of bone marrow","volume":"6","author":"Friedenstein","year":"1968","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"7","article-title":"The relationship between the spleen colony-forming cell and the haemopoietic stem cell","volume":"4","author":"Schofield","year":"1978","journal-title":"Blood Cells"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Yushkov, B., Frash, V., Novikov, N., Mikhaylova, S., and Glotov, A. (1978). Hypothesis of Local Regulation of Hematopoiesis. Mechanisms of Damage and Adaptation of Functional Systems in the Organism, Sverdlovsk State Medical Institute."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, M., and Nor, J.E. (2015). The Perivascular Niche and Self-Renewal of Stem Cells. Front. Physiol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00367"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.21.012704.131525","article-title":"Stem cell niche: Structure and function","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Zakhidov, S., Kulibin, A., and Marshak, T. (2013). Biology of Stem Cells of the Germ Line, Moscow State University (MSU)."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1186","article-title":"Sertoli cell condition medium can induce germ like cells from bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"19","author":"Monfared","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.146571","article-title":"The nature and dynamics of spermatogonial stem cells","volume":"144","year":"2017","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1144885","article-title":"A vasculature-associated niche for undifferentiated spermatogonia in the mouse testis","volume":"317","author":"Yoshida","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2007.09.013","article-title":"The missing niche for spermatogonial stem cells: Do blood vessels point the way?","volume":"1","author":"Shetty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1260669","article-title":"Non-random distribution of spermatogonia in rats: Evidence of niches in the seminiferous tubules","volume":"126","author":"Raymer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R169","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-18-0476","article-title":"Molecular regulation of spermatogonial stem cell renewal and differentiation","volume":"158","author":"Makela","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark, D.P., and Pazdernik, N.J. (2016). Chapter 18\u2014Cloning and Stem Cells. Biotechnology, Academic Cell. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385015-7.00018-1"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Sharma, R., and Agarwal, A. (2011). Spermatogenesis: An overview. Sperm Chromatin: Biological and Clinical Applications in Male Infertility and Assisted Reproduction, Springer."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Himelreich-Peric, M., Katusic-Bojanac, A., Hohsteter, M., Sincic, N., Muzic-Radovic, V., and Jezek, D. (2022). Mast Cells in the Mammalian Testis and Epididymis-Animal Models and Detection Methods. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052547"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13228","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13228","article-title":"Significance of mast cells in spermatogenesis, implantation, pregnancy, and abortion: Cross talk and molecular mechanisms","volume":"83","author":"Shafaghat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/iep.12261","article-title":"Correlation between testicular mast cell count and spermatogenic epithelium in non-obstructive azoospermia","volume":"99","author":"Atef","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atiakshin, D., Kulchenko, N., Kostin, A., Ignatyuk, M., Protasov, A., Klabukov, I., Baranovskii, D., Faniev, M., Korovyakova, E., and Chekmareva, I. (2024). Cyto-and Histopographic Assessment of CPA3-Positive Testicular Mast Cells in Obstructive and Non-Obstructive Azoospermia. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13100833"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1586\/eci.11.57","article-title":"The role of mast cells in male infertility","volume":"7","author":"Haidl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R221","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-17-0685","article-title":"Potential negative effects of anti-histamines on male reproductive function","volume":"155","author":"Mondillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, C.Y., and Sun, F. (2008). Molecular Mechanisms in Spermatogenesis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-09597-4"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.1.06781","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor alpha reversibly disrupts the blood-testis barrier and impairs Sertoli-germ cell adhesion in the seminiferous epithelium of adult rat testes","volume":"190","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199908)29:08<2645::AID-IMMU2645>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Human mast cells produce matrix metalloproteinase 9","volume":"29","author":"Kanbe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13055","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13055","article-title":"Human testicular peritubular cells, mast cells and testicular inflammation","volume":"50","author":"Mayerhofer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2012.01281.x","article-title":"Evidence for an adaptation in ROS scavenging systems in human testicular peritubular cells from infertility patients","volume":"35","author":"Kampfer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R107","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-12-0497","article-title":"Human testicular peritubular cells: More than meets the eye","volume":"145","author":"Mayerhofer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.13963","article-title":"Proteoglycan neofunctions: Regulation of inflammation and autophagy in cancer biology","volume":"284","author":"Schaefer","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.20805","article-title":"beta-Nerve growth factor participates in an auto\/paracrine pathway of regulation of the meiotic differentiation of rat spermatocytes","volume":"210","author":"Perrard","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1021\/pr400769z","article-title":"Secretome analysis of testicular peritubular cells: A window into the human testicular microenvironment and the spermatogonial stem cell niche in man","volume":"13","author":"Flenkenthaler","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2012.11.004","article-title":"Chemokines in tissue fibrosis","volume":"1832","author":"Sahin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5987","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.10.5987","article-title":"TGF-\u03b21 inhibits mast cell Fc\u03b5RI expression","volume":"174","author":"Gomez","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"2791","article-title":"Mast cell migratory response to interleukin-8 is mediated through interaction with chemokine receptor CXCR2\/Interleukin-8RB","volume":"93","author":"Nilsson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12289","article-title":"Overexpression of CYP19A1 aromatase in L eydig cells is associated with steroidogenic dysfunction in subjects with S ertoli cell-only syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Lardone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-06-0225","article-title":"Differential effects of histamine on Leydig cell and testicular macrophage activities in wall lizards: Precise role of H1\/H2 receptor subtypes","volume":"194","author":"Khan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.105.041285","article-title":"Dual role of histamine in modulation of Leydig cell steroidogenesis via HRH1 and HRH2 receptor subtypes","volume":"73","author":"Mondillo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loveland, K.L., Klein, B., Pueschl, D., Indumathy, S., Bergmann, M., Loveland, B.E., Hedger, M.P., and Schuppe, H.C. (2017). Cytokines in Male Fertility and Reproductive Pathologies: Immunoregulation and Beyond. Front. Endocrinol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00307"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.07.015","article-title":"Macrophages Contribute to the Spermatogonial Niche in the Adult Testis","volume":"12","author":"DeFalco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020623100101","article-title":"Physiologic interactions between macrophages and Leydig cells","volume":"231","author":"Hutson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L.N., Wang, X.Z., Li, Y.J., Li, B.R., Huang, M., Wang, X.Y., Grygorczyk, R., Ding, G.H., and Schwarz, W. (2022). Activation of Subcutaneous Mast Cells in Acupuncture Points Triggers Analgesia. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11050809"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2020.12.001","article-title":"Role of Macrophages in the Endocrine System","volume":"32","author":"Rehman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2284","article-title":"Macrophage activation by endogenous danger signals","volume":"214","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhushan, S., Theas, M.S., Guazzone, V.A., Jacobo, P., Wang, M., Fijak, M., Meinhardt, A., and Lustig, L. (2020). Immune Cell Subtypes and Their Function in the Testis. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.583304"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-5769(01)00112-6","article-title":"Histamine inhibits chemotaxis, phagocytosis, superoxide anion production, and the production of TNF\u03b1 and IL-12 by macrophages via H2-receptors","volume":"1","author":"Azuma","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4083","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.6.4083","article-title":"Histamine induces exocytosis and IL-6 production from human lung macrophages through interaction with H1 receptors","volume":"166","author":"Triggiani","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Tsai, M., Grimbaldeston, M., and Galli, S.J. (2013). Mast Cells and Immunoregulation\/Immunomodulation. Madame Curie Bioscience Database [Internet], Landes Bioscience."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solimando, A.G., Desantis, V., and Ribatti, D. (2022). Mast Cells and Interleukins. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214004"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carroll-Portillo, A., Surviladze, Z., Cambi, A., Lidke, D.S., and Wilson, B.S. (2012). Mast cell synapses and exosomes: Membrane contacts for information exchange. Front. Immunol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00046"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201040994","article-title":"Mast cells promote Th1 and Th17 responses by modulating dendritic cell maturation and function","volume":"41","author":"Dudeck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23870","DOI":"10.4161\/spmg.23870","article-title":"Dual role of immune cells in the testis: Protective or pathogenic for germ cells?","volume":"3","author":"Perez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spermatogenesis"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2014.38","article-title":"Testicular defense systems: Immune privilege and innate immunity","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.022","article-title":"The immune privilege of testis and gravid uterus: Same difference?","volume":"382","author":"Arck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gri, G., Frossi, B., D\u2019Inca, F., Danelli, L., Betto, E., Mion, F., Sibilano, R., and Pucillo, C. (2012). Mast cell: An emerging partner in immune interaction. Front. Immunol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00120"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4206","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000409","article-title":"T cell-induced mast cell activation: A role for microparticles released from activated T cells","volume":"185","author":"Shefler","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2327","article-title":"Immunomodulatory mast cells: Negative, as well as positive, regulators of immunity","volume":"8","author":"Galli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4379","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06881-z","article-title":"Testicular endothelial cells are a critical population in the germline stem cell niche","volume":"9","author":"Bhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2018.11.013","article-title":"Competition for Mitogens Regulates Spermatogenic Stem Cell Homeostasis in an Open Niche","volume":"24","author":"Kitadate","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1159\/000500088","article-title":"Physiological roles of mast cells: Collegium internationale allergologicum update 2019","volume":"179","author":"Varricchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/20.4.672","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor-C-mediated lymphangiogenesis promotes tumour metastasis","volume":"20","author":"Mandriota","year":"2001","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5383","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-07-358432","article-title":"Mast cell modulation of the vascular and lymphatic endothelium","volume":"118","author":"Kunder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baran, J., Sobiepanek, A., Mazurkiewicz-Pisarek, A., Rogalska, M., Gryciuk, A., Kuryk, L., Abraham, S.N., and Staniszewska, M. (2023). Mast Cells as a Target\u2014A Comprehensive Review of Recent Therapeutic Approaches. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12081187"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jorban, A., Lunenfeld, E., and Huleihel, M. (2024). Effect of Temperature on the Development of Stages of Spermatogenesis and the Functionality of Sertoli Cells In Vitro. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042160"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-6272(15)30105-9","article-title":"Heat induces adenosine triphosphate release from mast cells in vitro: A putative mechanism for moxibustion","volume":"35","author":"Lei","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-016-0434-7","article-title":"Physiological significance of TRPV2 as a mechanosensor, thermosensor and lipid sensor","volume":"66","author":"Shibasaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.932053","article-title":"Mast-cell degranulation induced by physical stimuli involves the activation of transient-receptor-potential channel TRPV2","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111216","article-title":"Heat stress response of somatic cells in the testis","volume":"527","author":"Aldahhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(00)00626-9","article-title":"Human testicular mast cells contain tryptase: Increased mast cell number and altered distribution in the testes of infertile men","volume":"74","author":"Meineke","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa132","article-title":"Testicular immune cells and vasculature in Klinefelter syndrome from childhood up to adulthood","volume":"35","author":"Willems","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10945","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.28489","article-title":"Differential roles of VEGF: Relevance to tissue fibrosis","volume":"120","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.4103\/aja.aja_30_19","article-title":"Effect of ketotifen fumarate on experimental autoimmune orchitis and torsion of the spermatic cord","volume":"22","author":"Moreno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1080\/01485010290099200","article-title":"Treatment of oligoasthenozoospermia with tranilast, a mast cell blocker, after long-term administration","volume":"48","author":"Hibi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Androl."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12445","article-title":"Effect of varicocelectomy and\/or mast cells stabilizer on sperm DNA fragmentation in infertile patients with varicocele","volume":"6","author":"Zaazaa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-1208.112373","article-title":"Ketotifen, a mast cell blocker improves sperm motility in asthenospermic infertile men","volume":"6","author":"Saharkhiz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hum. Reprod. Sci."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/23\/13177\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:49:30Z","timestamp":1760114970000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/23\/13177"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,7]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms252313177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms252313177","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,7]]}}}