{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:49:12Z","timestamp":1787028552528,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,8]],"date-time":"2024-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Centre (NCN) Poland","award":["2017\/25\/B\/NZ9\/02900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/25\/B\/NZ9\/02900"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chitosan, a biopolymer derived from chitin, exhibits significant antifungal properties, making it a valuable compound for various applications in agriculture food preservation, and biomedicine. The present study aimed to assess the antifungal properties of chitosan-modified films using sol\u2013gel derivatives (CS:ZnO) or graphene-filled chitosan, (CS:GO and CS:rGO) against two strains of fungi that are the most common cause of food spoilage: Aspergillus flavus ATCC 9643 and Penicillium expansum DSM 1282. The results indicate important differences in the antifungal activity of native chitosan films and zinc oxide-modified chitosan films. CS:ZnO nanocomposites (2:1 and 5:1) completely inhibited spore germination of the two tested fungal strains. Furthermore, a decrease in spore viability was observed after exposure to CS:Zn films. Significant differences in the permeability of cell envelopes were observed in the A. flavus. Moreover, the genotoxicity of the materials against two cell lines, human BJ fibroblasts and human KERTr keratinocytes, was investigated. Our studies showed that the tested nanocomposites did not exhibit genotoxicity towards human skin fibroblasts, and significant damage in the DNA of keratinocytes treated with CS:ZnO composites. Nanocomposites based on chitosan may help reduce synthetic fungicides and contribute to sustainable food production and food preservation practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252313186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T04:01:37Z","timestamp":1733716897000},"page":"13186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Antifungal Chitosan Nanocomposites\u2014A New Perspective for Extending Food Storage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7823-0450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Wro\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12\/16 Banacha Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7939-2953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Felczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12\/16 Banacha Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0785-4696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Niedzia\u0142kowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12\/16 Banacha Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"K\u0119dzierska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141\/143 Pomorska Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4676-3743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Bryszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141\/143 Pomorska Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Amine","family":"Benzaouia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Division, Euromed Research Center, Euro-Med University of Fes (UEMF), Route de Meknes, Rond-Point de Bensouda, F\u00e8s 30070, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2213-7732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelkrim","family":"El Kadib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Division, Euromed Research Center, Euro-Med University of Fes (UEMF), Route de Meknes, Rond-Point de Bensouda, F\u00e8s 30070, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4050-2756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Mi\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141\/143 Pomorska Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6395-570X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Lisowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12\/16 Banacha Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2021.107328","article-title":"Chitosan for Food Packaging: Recent Advances in Active and Intelligent Films","volume":"124","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, J., Luo, B., Xuan, S., Shen, P., Jin, P., Wu, Z., and Zheng, Y. 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