{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T06:02:23Z","timestamp":1768716143782,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,8]],"date-time":"2024-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["AP23487559"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP23487559"]}]},{"name":"Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["DS 29 project"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS 29 project"]}]},{"name":"Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["DS 630 project"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS 630 project"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education in Poland","award":["AP23487559"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP23487559"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education in Poland","award":["DS 29 project"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS 29 project"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education in Poland","award":["DS 630 project"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS 630 project"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Kaolinite stands out as a promising natural geomaterial for developing new therapeutic systems aimed at addressing global health challenges, such as multidrug-resistant infections. In this study, we report on the formulation and biological activity of a therapeutic mixture composed of white micronized kaolinite (KAO) and Ziziphora essential oil (ZEO), intended for topical application on infected wounds. GC\u2013MS analysis revealed that the primary component of ZEO is pulegone, constituting 72.98% of the oil. ZEO demonstrated good bioactivity against bacterial and fungal strains (MIC 1.25\u20135 mg\/mL). Additionally, ZEO at a concentration of 0.0156% (0.156 mg\/mL) was found to significantly stimulate collagen synthesis. The antimicrobial activity of the tested KAO\u2013ZEO mixture formulation (30% KAO\/0.25% ZEO in an excipient base) showed the highest effectiveness against Candida spp. (MIC 0.08\u201325 mg\/mL) and Gram-positive bacteria (MIC 0.16\u201325 mg\/mL), with lower activity against Gram-negative bacteria (MIC 25\u201350 mg\/mL). Moreover, the KAO\u2013ZEO mixture was nontoxic (cell viability near 100%) to human skin fibroblasts according to the ISO 10993-5 standard and promoted collagen synthesis by skin cells. This is the first documented formulation combining KAO and ZEO, demonstrating significant antimicrobial properties along with the ability to stimulate collagen production in fibroblasts. These properties highlight KAO\u2013ZEO as a promising novel treatment, which may synergize with current care standards and improve wound healing outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252313192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T04:01:37Z","timestamp":1733716897000},"page":"13192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Antimicrobial Mixture Based on Micronized Kaolinite and Ziziphora Essential Oil as a Promising Formulation for the Management of Infected Wounds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6779-8585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aigerim A.","family":"Karaubayeva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tolkyn","family":"Bekezhanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3776-2004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karlygash","family":"Zhaparkulova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1360-5901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Susniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7716-9846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Sobczynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Lublin, Chod\u017aki St. 7, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5893-7168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Kazimierczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6076-1309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Przekora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9313-5929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krystyna","family":"Skalicka-Wozniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6811-5424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Kulinowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4131-4271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Glowniak-Lipa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cosmetology, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzesz\u00f3w, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1400-1971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuryiadda B.","family":"Sakipova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1634-0387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabela","family":"Korona-G\u0142owniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.09.056","article-title":"Kaolinite in pharmaceutics and biomedicine","volume":"533","author":"Awad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. 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