{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:34:10Z","timestamp":1791941650796,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,8]],"date-time":"2024-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007686","name":"Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024-1-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-1-14"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007686","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007686","name":"Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015-3-261661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015-3-261661"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007686","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007686","name":"Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#914220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#914220"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007686","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FOSISS-Conahcyt","award":["2024-1-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-1-14"]}]},{"name":"FOSISS-Conahcyt","award":["2015-3-261661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015-3-261661"]}]},{"name":"FOSISS-Conahcyt","award":["#914220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#914220"]}]},{"name":"Cinvestav","award":["2024-1-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-1-14"]}]},{"name":"Cinvestav","award":["2015-3-261661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015-3-261661"]}]},{"name":"Cinvestav","award":["#914220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#914220"]}]},{"name":"CONACYT","award":["2024-1-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-1-14"]}]},{"name":"CONACYT","award":["2015-3-261661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015-3-261661"]}]},{"name":"CONACYT","award":["#914220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#914220"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pregnancy increases the demand for essential metal ions to support fetal development, making the maternal metal ion status a critical determinant of perinatal outcomes. This prospective cohort study examined changes in metal ion levels across the three trimesters, evaluated the influence of preexisting metabolic conditions on the metal ion status, and assessed the associations between maternal metal ion levels and perinatal outcomes in 206 pregnant women from the Biochemical and Epigenetic Origin of Overweight and Obesity (OBESO) cohort receiving care at the Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda in Mexico City from 2017 to 2020. Six essential metal ions (iron, zinc, copper, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus) were measured in blood samples using inductively coupled plasma optic emission spectrometry. Significant variations in the metal ion levels were observed across the trimesters, with notable decreases in iron and magnesium and increases in copper as pregnancies progressed. Maternal hypothyroidism was associated with significantly low levels of zinc and magnesium during pregnancy. Regression analyses revealed robust associations between maternal metal ion levels and perinatal outcomes. For instance, declining magnesium levels as pregnancies progressed were positively associated with gestational diabetes (OR: 2.92, p = 0.04; OR: 2.72, p = 0.03). The maternal metal ion status significantly influences perinatal outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252313206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T04:01:37Z","timestamp":1733716897000},"page":"13206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Maternal Metal Ion Status Along Pregnancy and Perinatal Outcomes in a Group of Mexican Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Johana","family":"V\u00e1squez-Procopio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico del Valle de Oaxaca, Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico, Santa Cruz Xoxocotl\u00e1n 71233, Mexico"},{"name":"Deparment of Immunobiochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9524-4133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johnatan","family":"Torres-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive and Perinatal Health Research, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elodia","family":"Rojas-Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n de Salud en el Trabajo, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7276-8463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvador","family":"Espino-y-Sosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Division, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4529-8296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Mario","family":"Solis-Paredes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive and Perinatal Health Research, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maribel","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deparment of Immunobiochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari-Cruz","family":"Tolentino-Dolores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Bioprogramming, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Otilia","family":"Perichart-Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Bioprogramming, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0467-8444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fanis","family":"Missirlis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9551-9021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guadalupe","family":"Estrada-Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deparment of Immunobiochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.1.280S","article-title":"Nutrition in pregnancy: Mineral and vitamin supplements","volume":"72","author":"Ladipo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2012.06.020","article-title":"Influence of mineral and vitamin supplements on pregnancy outcome","volume":"164","author":"Hovdenak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grzeszczak, K., Kwiatkowski, S., and Kosik-Bogacka, D. (2020). The Role of Fe, Zn, and Cu in Pregnancy. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10081176"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3390\/encyclopedia1010024","article-title":"Metal Binding Proteins","volume":"1","author":"Permyakov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Encyclopedia"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Lu, X.-M., Zhang, M., Yang, C.-Y., Lv, S.-Y., Li, S.-F., Zhong, C.-Y., and Geng, S.-S. (2021). Adverse effects of iron deficiency anemia on pregnancy outcome and offspring development and intervention of three iron supplements. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79971-y"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.13252","article-title":"Iron deficiency anemia at admission for labor and delivery is associated with an increased risk for Cesarean section and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes","volume":"55","author":"Drukker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602429","article-title":"Iron status and its association with pregnancy outcome in Korean pregnant women","volume":"60","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos-D\u00edaz, A.I., Sol\u00eds-L\u00f3pez, J., D\u00edaz-Torres, E., Guadarrama-Olmos, J.C., Osorio, B., Kroll, T., Webb, S.M., Hiriart, M., Jim\u00e9nez-Estrada, I., and Missirlis, F. (2023). Metal ion content of internal organs in the calorically restricted Wistar rat. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 78.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2023.127182"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/67.5.1003S","article-title":"Effect of copper deficiency on prenatal development and pregnancy outcome","volume":"67","author":"Keen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmugabil, A., Hamdan, H.Z., Elsheikh, A.E., Rayis, D.A., Adam, I., and Gasim, G.I. (2016). Serum Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc and Copper Levels in Sudanese Women with Preeclampsia. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167495"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1097","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.1097","article-title":"Analysis of serum calcium, sodium, potassium, zinc, and iron in patients with pre-eclampsia in Bangladesh: A case-control study","volume":"6","author":"Uddin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.37","article-title":"Micronutrient deficiencies in pregnancy worldwide: Health effects and prevention","volume":"12","author":"Gernand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, G., Zheng, T., Xia, C., Qi, L., Papandonatos, G.D., Ming, Y., Zeng, Z., Zhang, X., Zhang, H., and Li, Y. (2021). Plasma levels of trace element status in early pregnancy and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A nested case-control study. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 68.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2021.126829"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3647","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02513-0","article-title":"The Role of Magnesium in Pregnancy and in Fetal Programming of Adult Diseases","volume":"199","author":"Fanni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-009-8423-9","article-title":"The role of calcium, magnesium, and zinc in pre-eclampsia","volume":"133","author":"Jain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9135625","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9135625","article-title":"Prevalence of Anemia and Iron Deficiency among Palestinian Pregnant Women and Its Association with Pregnancy Outcome","volume":"2018","author":"Srour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anemia"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9013280","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9013280","article-title":"Effect of Maternal Marginal Zinc Deficiency on Development, Redox Status, and Gene Expression Related to Oxidation and Apoptosis in an Avian Embryo Model","volume":"2021","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5276","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-024-04071-1","article-title":"Transgenerational Effects of Maternal Zinc Deficiency on Zinc Transporters in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"202","author":"Sanusi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewandowska, M., Sajdak, S., Marciniak, W., and Lubi\u0144ski, J. (2019). First Trimester Serum Copper or Zinc Levels, and Risk of Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102479"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2011.01292.x","article-title":"Risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus: Implications for the application of screening guidelines","volume":"51","author":"Teh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(15)30879-3","article-title":"Maternal and perinatal outcomes of extreme obesity in pregnancy","volume":"35","author":"Crane","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.12494","article-title":"Maternal age and adverse pregnancy outcome: A cohort study","volume":"42","author":"Khalil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.17493","article-title":"Chronic hypertension and adverse pregnancy outcome: A cohort study","volume":"50","author":"Panaitescu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2013.03.004","article-title":"Gestational age-specific reference intervals for blood copper, zinc, calcium, magnesium, iron, lead, and cadmium during normal pregnancy","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.12866","article-title":"Contribution of maternal overweight and obesity to the occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"59","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Dom\u00ednguez, \u00c1., Mill\u00e1n-Mart\u00ednez, M., Dom\u00ednguez-Riscart, J., Mateos, R.M., Lechuga-Sancho, A.M., and Gonz\u00e1lez-Dom\u00ednguez, R. (2022). Altered Metal Homeostasis Associates with Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Impaired Glucose Metabolism, and Dyslipidemia in the Crosstalk between Childhood Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11122439"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"4690","article-title":"Four trace elements in pregnant women and their relationships with adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"19","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, R., Sun, J., Yoo, H., Kim, S., Cho, Y.Y., Kim, H.J., Kim, S.W., Chung, J.H., Oh, S.-Y., and Lee, S.-Y. (2016). A Prospective Study of Serum Trace Elements in Healthy Korean Pregnant Women. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8110749"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2017.11.016","article-title":"Early pregnancy maternal trace mineral status and the association with adverse pregnancy outcome in a cohort of Australian women","volume":"46","author":"Wilson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02337-y","article-title":"Assessment of 12 Essential and Toxic Elements in Whole Blood of Pregnant and Non-pregnant Women Living in Wuhan of China","volume":"199","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Wang, T., Ge, Y., Shen, H., Li, J., and Qiao, C. (2023). Individual and combined association between nutritional trace metals and the risk of preterm birth in a recurrent pregnancy loss cohort. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1205748"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhan, M., Chen, W., Wang, Z., She, X., Zhang, Q., Dong, H., Yan, J., Li, Z., Han, L., and Lin, H. (2023). Multidimensional analysis of the essential elements in pregnant women\u2019s whole blood and characterization of maternal status by elemental pattern. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 75.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2022.127095"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2021.02.002","article-title":"Regulation and biological function of metal ions in Drosophila","volume":"47","author":"Missirlis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1159\/000020952","article-title":"Course of maternal serum magnesium levels in low-risk gestations and in preterm labor and delivery","volume":"14","author":"Arikan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"e16944","article-title":"Assessment of Serum Minerals in Subclinical Hypothyroid and Overt Hypothyroid Patients","volume":"13","author":"Jat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.95667","article-title":"Hypothyroidism in pregnancy","volume":"16","author":"Sahay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3018","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-023-03905-8","article-title":"Determination of Serum Zinc and Phosphorus Levels in Patients with Hypothyroidism","volume":"202","author":"Patel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-7753.114714","article-title":"Zinc deficiency associated with hypothyroidism: An overlooked cause of severe alopecia","volume":"5","author":"Betsy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Trichology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2727.59698","article-title":"Serum levels of lipids, calcium and magnesium in women with hypothyroidism and cardiovascular diseases","volume":"1","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Lab. Physicians"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.26633\/RPSP.2022.21","article-title":"Adverse pregnancy and perinatal outcomes in Latin America and the Caribbean: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Blanco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Panam. De Salud P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00404136","article-title":"Magnesium and glucose homeostasis","volume":"33","author":"Paolisso","year":"1990","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12492","article-title":"Magnesium and disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism","volume":"17","author":"Mooren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"539","article-title":"Copper, zinc and magnesium levels in type-1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"23","author":"Zargar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2008.07.001","article-title":"An inverse relationship between cumulating components of the metabolic syndrome and serum magnesium levels","volume":"28","author":"Evangelopoulos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"483","article-title":"Serum zinc and magnesium in type-2 diabetic patients","volume":"19","author":"Masood","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Coll. Physicians Surg. Pak."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2011.07.007","article-title":"The association of serum C-reactive protein, uric acid and magnesium with insulin resistance in Chinese postmenopausal women with prediabetes or early untreated diabetes","volume":"70","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"153","article-title":"Associations of serum Magnesium levels with diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications","volume":"19","author":"Arpaci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hippokratia"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2016.06.001","article-title":"Modification of Total Magnesium level in pregnant Saudi Women developing gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"10","author":"Nabouli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2016.12.017","article-title":"Alterations of serum trace elements in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5115","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-023-03591-6","article-title":"The Association Between Serum Magnesium Levels and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"201","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mironov, N., Haque, M., Atfi, A., and Razzaque, M.S. (2022). Phosphate Dysregulation and Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14214477"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2024.123243","article-title":"Diabetes-induced alteration of metal ion levels declines the activity of MMPs to decrease aortic aneurysm risk","volume":"360","author":"Nie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:88:2:113","article-title":"Elemental contents in serum of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"88","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3329\/emcj.v9i1.71981","article-title":"Hypophosphatemia and Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review","volume":"9","author":"Karmakar","year":"2024","journal-title":"East. Med. Coll. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-013-0032-x","article-title":"Zinc and insulin in pancreatic beta-cells","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12441","article-title":"Different role of zinc transporter 8 between type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"7","author":"Yi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres-Torres, J., Monroy-Mu\u00f1oz, I.E., Perez-Duran, J., Solis-Paredes, J.M., Camacho-Martinez, Z.A., Baca, D., Espino-Y-Sosa, S., Martinez-Portilla, R., Rojas-Zepeda, L., and Borboa-Olivares, H. (2024). Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252111641"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00e1squez-Procopio, J., Espejel-Nu\u00f1ez, A., Torres-Torres, J., Martinez-Portilla, R.J., Sosa, S.E.Y., Mateu-Rogell, P., Ortega-Castillo, V., Tolentino-Dolores, M., Perichart-Perera, O., and Franco-Gallardo, J.O. (2022). Inflammatory-Metal Profile as a Hallmark for COVID-19 Severity During Pregnancy. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.935363"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.4103\/bbrj.bbrj_70_18","article-title":"Role of Magnesium in Preeclampsia","volume":"2","author":"Kharb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Biotechnol. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-015-3883-y","article-title":"Association between zinc level and the risk of preeclampsia: A meta-analysis","volume":"293","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"e51365","article-title":"Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes of Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"15","author":"Safarzadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Cano, A.M., Gonz\u00e1lez-Ludlow, I., Su\u00e1rez-Rico, B.V., Montoya-Estrada, A., Pi\u00f1a-Ram\u00edrez, O., Parra-Hern\u00e1ndez, S.B., Reyes-Mu\u00f1oz, E., Estrada-Gutierrez, G., Calzada-Mendoza, C.C., and Perichart-Perera, O. (2022). Ultra-Processed Food Consumption during Pregnancy and Its Association with Maternal Oxidative Stress Markers. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11071415"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-013-0395-8","article-title":"Hypertension in pregnancy","volume":"16","author":"Vest","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2010). Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care, 33, S62\u2013S69.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-S062"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/23\/13206\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:50:00Z","timestamp":1760115000000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/23\/13206"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,8]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms252313206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms252313206","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,8]]}}}