{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T19:32:53Z","timestamp":1790451173158,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["HI21C1713"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI21C1713"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Idiopathic male infertility is characterized by increased mortality or reduced motility and vitality of sperm. There are several reports on probiotics in the male reproductive tract, but the effects of these probiotics on sperm motility remain to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the impact and mechanism of probiotics on the vitality and motility of mouse sperm. We collected mature sperm from the caudal vas deferens of mice and prepared three probiotics donated by HEM Pharma Inc.: Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Limosilactobacillus fermentum, and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei. We analyzed the vitality and motility of sperm according to the concentration and duration of probiotic treatment. The probiotics increased the motility and vitality of sperm. Specifically, they enhanced sperm motility by 30\u201340% compared with untreated sperms. The probiotics enhanced mitochondrial activity in sperm through specific factors like AMPK and SIRT1. All three probiotics enhanced the activities of mitochondrial function-related proteins in sperm. In conclusion, we found that the probiotics improved the vitality and motility of mouse sperm and increased mitochondrial function in mature sperm. These findings suggest that probiotics can be utilized to enhance sperm motility and treat male infertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252313220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T10:11:47Z","timestamp":1733739107000},"page":"13220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Probiotics Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, and Limosilactobacillus fermentum Enhance Spermatozoa Motility Through Mitochondrial Function-Related Factors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Eun Hye","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Pocheon 11160, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHA Fertility Center, Seoul Station, Hangang-daero, Jung-gu, Seoul 04637, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Il Seon","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Commercialization of Commensals Microbiota (ICCM), Biostream Co., Ltd., 46 Cheongmyeongsan-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17098, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3237-6304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dae Keun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, CHA Fertility Center Seoul Station, CHA University School of Medicine, Seoul 04637, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8735-444X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Pocheon 11160, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"CHA Fertility Center, Seoul Station, Hangang-daero, Jung-gu, Seoul 04637, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1059","article-title":"[A review of WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen (5th edition)]","volume":"17","author":"Cao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.011023","article-title":"Localization of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins in human sperm and relation to capacitation and zona pellucida binding","volume":"68","author":"Sakkas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. 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