{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:40:09Z","timestamp":1760146809242,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Rijeka research","award":["13.11.1.2.10","uniri-mladi-biomed-23-48"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13.11.1.2.10","uniri-mladi-biomed-23-48"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the influence of two in vitro fertilization (IVF) protocols\u2014controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) and a modified natural cycle protocol\u2014on gene expression levels (Anti-M\u00fcllerian Hormone (AMH), Anti-M\u00fcllerian Hormone Receptor Type 2 (AMHAMHR2), Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor (FSHR), and Androgen Receptor (AR)) and the subsequent reproductive outcomes of assisted reproductive technology (ART). Gene expression, as well as oocyte, zygote, and embryo morphological parameters, were analyzed to evaluate the differences between the protocols. Our findings show that AMH expression was significantly associated with successful fertilization, while AMHAMHR2 expression correlated with improved embryo transfer outcomes. The modified natural cycle protocol demonstrated a higher association with the favorable gene expression profiles, particularly for AMH and AMHAMHR2, linked to successful fertilization and embryo transfer, suggesting potential advantages of minimal intervention. However, the overall quality scores for the oocytes, zygotes, and embryos were comparable between the protocols. The trend of a higher transfer success for the natural cycle, though not statistically significant, indicated potential protocol effects on the uterine environment. This study highlights the complexity of ART outcomes and suggests that incorporating gene expression markers with protocol adjustments may optimize individual ART strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252413287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T06:44:05Z","timestamp":1733899445000},"page":"13287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Controlled Ovarian Hyperstimulation and Modified Natural Cycle Protocols on Gene Expression and Quality of Oocytes, Zygotes, and Embryos in Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8440-1722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanja","family":"Devi\u0107 Pavli\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5637-4659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara","family":"Safti\u0107 Martinovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5110-3830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tina","family":"Su\u0161anj \u0160epi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5949-5245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"An\u0111elka","family":"Radoj\u010di\u0107 Badovinac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biotechnology and Drug Development, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.11.015","article-title":"Oocyte Environment: Follicular Fluid and Cumulus Cells Are Critical for Oocyte Health","volume":"103","author":"Dumesic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertil. 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