{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T16:15:28Z","timestamp":1782749728317,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Operational Program Smart Growth","award":["POIR.01.01.01-00-0319\/17-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POIR.01.01.01-00-0319\/17-02"]}]},{"name":"Operational Program Smart Growth","award":["SUBK.Z516.24.068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBK.Z516.24.068"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["POIR.01.01.01-00-0319\/17-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POIR.01.01.01-00-0319\/17-02"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["SUBK.Z516.24.068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBK.Z516.24.068"]}]},{"name":"Wroc\u0142aw Medical University","award":["POIR.01.01.01-00-0319\/17-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POIR.01.01.01-00-0319\/17-02"]}]},{"name":"Wroc\u0142aw Medical University","award":["SUBK.Z516.24.068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBK.Z516.24.068"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) is a treatment method that involves reopening narrowed arteries with a balloon catheter that delivers a cylindrical, mesh-shaped implant device to the site of the stenosis. Currently, by applying a coating to a bare metal stent (BMS) surface to improve biocompatibility, the main risks after PCI, such as restenosis and thrombosis, are reduced while maintaining the basic requirements for the mechanical behavior of the stent itself. In this work, for the first time, the development and optimization process of the spatial structure of the Co-Cr stent (L-605) with a graphene-based coating using cold-wall chemical vapor deposition (CW-CVD) to ensure uniform coverage of the implant was attempted. The CW-CVD process allows the coating of 3D structures, minimizing thermal stress on the surrounding equipment and allowing the deposition of coatings on temperature-sensitive materials. It produces uniform and high-purity films with control over the thickness and composition. The reduced heating of the chamber walls minimizes unwanted reactions, leading to fewer impurities in the final coating. The graphene layers obtained using Raman spectroscopy at different parameters of the CW-CVD process were verified, their properties were investigated, and the functional mechanical behavior of the studied graphene-covered stent was confirmed. In vitro, graphene-coated stents promoted rapid endothelial cell repopulation, an advantage over gold-standard drug-eluting stents delaying re-endothelialization. Also, full-range biocompatibility studies on potential allergic, irritation, toxicological, and pyrogenic reactions of new material in vivo on small animal models demonstrated excellent biocompatibility of the graphene-coated stents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252413345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T06:29:30Z","timestamp":1733984970000},"page":"13345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Functional Mechanical Behavior and Biocompatible Characteristics of Graphene-Coated Cardiovascular Stents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Wasyluk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Optical Spectroscopy, Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ok\u00f3lna 2, 50-422 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1384-2314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Hreniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Optical Spectroscopy, Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ok\u00f3lna 2, 50-422 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Carbonmed Ltd., Ok\u00f3lna 2, 50-422 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6652-7890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitalii","family":"Boiko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Optical Spectroscopy, Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ok\u00f3lna 2, 50-422 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Carbonmed Ltd., Ok\u00f3lna 2, 50-422 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Physics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Prospect Nauky 46, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3355-2480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"Sobieszcza\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, Cha\u0142ubi\u0144skiego 4, 50-368 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6209-1599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuela","family":"Bologna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 8, 90128 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Advanced Technologies Network Center, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 18\/A, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9093-9529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Zingales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 8, 90128 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Advanced Technologies Network Center, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 18\/A, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9607-2919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Pas\u0142awski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toru\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Arkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pre-Clinical Research Centre, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, Marcinkowskiego 1, 50-368 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9125-7594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Przemys\u0142aw","family":"Sare\u0142o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pre-Clinical Research Centre, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, Marcinkowskiego 1, 50-368 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, Wybrze\u017ce Wyspia\u0144skiego 27, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Wawrzy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pre-Clinical Research Centre, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, Marcinkowskiego 1, 50-368 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bae, H., Jeong, M.H., Park, D.S., Lim, K.S., Shim, J.W., Kim, M.K., and Park, J.K. 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