{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T20:57:10Z","timestamp":1775249830534,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003566","name":"Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20210656"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210656"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003566","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Campylaephora hypnaeoides (C. hypnaeoides) was extracted using fermented ethanol. The effect of fermented ethanol extract of C. hypnaeoides (FeCH) on chondrocyte viability was analyzed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-iphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, which showed no cytotoxicity at 2 mg\/mL. FeCH pretreatment in IL-1\u03b2-stimulated chondrocytes significantly inhibited the accumulation of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2, which was analyzed using the ELISA assay. In addition, protein expression levels of inflammatory-related factors, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and cartilage-degrading-related enzymes, such as matrix metalloproteinases-1, -3, and -13, and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs-4 and -5 were significantly decreased in IL-1\u03b2-stimulated chondrocytes pretreated with FeCH, which were analyzed using western blot analysis. In addition, as a result of analyzing the content of collagen type II (Col II) and proteoglycan through western blot analysis and alcian blue staining, FeCH pretreatment prevented the degradation of Col II and proteoglycan. It was analyzed through western blot analysis that the chondroprotective effect of FeCH may be mediated through MAPKs and NF-\u03baB-signaling mechanisms. In an in vivo study, an osteoarthritis experimental animal model with damaged medial meniscus (DMM) was utilized and orally administered daily for 8 weeks after surgery. At the study end point, knee joints were harvested and subjected to histological analysis with safranin O staining. As a result, articular cartilage was significantly protected in the FeCH group compared to the DMM group. These results suggest FeCH as a candidate material for the development of pharmaceutical materials for the treatment or prevention of degenerative arthritis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252413391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]],"date-time":"2024-12-13T06:53:39Z","timestamp":1734072819000},"page":"13391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Chondroprotective Effect of Campylaephora hypnaeoides Extract in Primary Chondrocytes and Rat OA Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9733-7421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji Yun","family":"Jang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Healthcare Research and Evaluation Center, Chosun University, Wando 59146, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seul Ah","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biochemistry, College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6254-946X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Do Kyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1944-1274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sook-Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Healthcare Research and Evaluation Center, Chosun University, Wando 59146, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8612-3420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun Sung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biochemistry, College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-014-9917-9","article-title":"Osteoarthritis pathogenesis: A review of molecular mechanisms","volume":"95","author":"Xia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krakowski, P., Rejniak, A., Sobczyk, J., and Karpi\u0144ski, R. (2024). Cartilage integrity: A review of mechanical and frictional properties and repair approaches in osteoarthritis. Healthcare, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12161648"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1053\/joca.2002.0814","article-title":"Quantitative structural organization of normal adult human articular cartilage","volume":"10","author":"Hunziker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2021.06.015","article-title":"A lifespan approach to osteoarthritis prevention","volume":"29","author":"Whittaker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartilage"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3904\/kjm.2012.82.2.170","article-title":"Osteoarthritis update","volume":"82","author":"Yoon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Korean J. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colletti, A., and Cicero, A.F.G. (2021). Nutraceutical approach to chronic osteoarthritis: From molecular research to clinical evidence. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222312920"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60802-3","article-title":"Osteoarthritis","volume":"386","author":"Palmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2014.3334","article-title":"Fucoidan prevents the progression of osteoarthritis in rats","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60243-2","article-title":"Osteoarthritis: An update with relevance for clinical practice","volume":"377","author":"Bijlsma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2022.05.016","article-title":"Apple polyphenols exhibits chondroprotective changes of synovium and prevents knee osteoarthritis","volume":"614","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4808","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867324666170523120101","article-title":"Phenolic compounds from edible algae: Bioactivity and health benefits","volume":"25","author":"Montero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-021-00633-5","article-title":"Edible red seaweed Campylaephora hypnaeoides J. agar alleviates obesity and related metabolic disorders in mice by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammatory response","volume":"19","author":"Murakami","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2307\/3647434","article-title":"Morphology, basiphyte range, and plastid DNA phylogeny of Campylaephora borealis","volume":"52","author":"Seo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Taxon"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.10.007","article-title":"Osteoarthritis: Pathology, diagnosis, and treatment options","volume":"104","author":"Abramoff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4042","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000002214","article-title":"A brief review of current treatment options for osteoarthritis including disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs) and novel therapeutics","volume":"86","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R109","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2315","article-title":"Development of musculoskeletal toxicity without clear benefit after administration of PG-116800, a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, to patients with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized, 12-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"9","author":"Krzeski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2023.04.001","article-title":"Evaluation of S201086\/GLPG1972, an ADAMTS-5 inhibitor, for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis in ROCCELLA: A phase 2 randomized clinical trial","volume":"31","author":"Schnitzer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e9vel, E., Merceron, C., Vinatier, C., Krisa, S., Richard, T., Masson, M., Lesoeur, J., Hivernaud, V., Gauthier, O., and Abadie, J. (2016). Olive and grape seed extract prevents post-traumatic osteoarthritis damages and exhibits in vitro anti IL-1\u03b2 activities before and after oral consumption. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33527"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.02.041","article-title":"Wogonin, a plant derived small molecule, exerts potent anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective effects through the activation of ROS\/ERK\/Nrf2 signaling pathways in human Osteoarthritis chondrocytes","volume":"106","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, S.J., Lim, M.J., Lee, K.M., Oh, E., Shin, Y.S., Kim, S., Kim, J.S., Yun, S.P., and Kang, L.J. (2021). Safflower seed extract attenuates the development of osteoarthritis by blocking NF-\u03baB signaling. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14030258"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.3746\/jkfn.2014.43.5.631","article-title":"Effect of boswellia serrata extracts on degenerative osteoarthritis in vitro and in vivo models","volume":"43","author":"Nam","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"702","article-title":"KMS99220 Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effects, Activates the Nrf2 Signaling and Interferes with IKK, JNK and p38 MAPK via HO-1","volume":"42","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2023.11.028","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying sensing of cellular stress signals by mammalian MAP3 kinases","volume":"84","author":"Mordente","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R93","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3368","article-title":"Epigallocatechin-3-gallate supresses the global interleukin-1beta-induced inflammatory response in human chondrocytes","volume":"13","author":"Akhtar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3737","DOI":"10.1039\/C7FO00823F","article-title":"Oleuropein inhibits the IL-1\u03b2-induced expression of inflammatory mediators by suppressing the activation of NF-\u03baB and MAPKs in human osteoarthritis chondrocytes","volume":"8","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.17814","article-title":"Schisandra extract ameliorates arthritis pathogenesis by suppressing the NF-\u03baB and MAPK signalling pathways","volume":"27","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1619-1_12","article-title":"Mouse models of osteoarthritis: Surgical model of posttraumatic osteoarthritis induced by destabilization of the medial meniscus","volume":"1226","author":"Culley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, H., Huang, T., Lu, W.W., Tong, L., and Chen, D. (2022). Osteoarthritis pain. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094642"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4103\/japtr.JAPTR_331_18","article-title":"Quercetin prevent proteoglycan destruction by inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-9, matrix metalloproteinase-13, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs-5 expressions on osteoarthritis model rats","volume":"10","author":"Permatasari","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, G., Lee, S.A., Hong, J.H., Park, B.R., Kim, D.K., and Kim, C.S. (2022). Chondroprotective effects of 4,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid in osteoarthritis through NF-\u03baB signaling inhibition. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11030487"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/24\/13391\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:54:34Z","timestamp":1760115274000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/24\/13391"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms252413391"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms252413391","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]}}}