{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T17:07:46Z","timestamp":1781888866396,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry for Business, Innovation and Employment"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is evidence of perturbed microbial and host processes in the gastrointestinal tract of individuals with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) compared to healthy controls. The faecal metabolome provides insight into the metabolic processes localised to the intestinal tract, while the plasma metabolome highlights the overall perturbances of host and\/or microbial responses. This study profiled the faecal (n = 221) and plasma (n = 206) metabolomes of individuals with functional constipation (FC), constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-C), functional diarrhoea (FD), diarrhoea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) and healthy controls (identified using the Rome Criteria IV) using multimodal LC-MS technologies. Discriminant analysis separated patients with the \u2018all constipation\u2019 group (FC and IBS-C) from the healthy control group and \u2018all diarrhoea\u2019 group (FD and IBS-D) from the healthy control group in both sample types. In plasma, almost all multimodal metabolite analyses separated the \u2018all constipation\u2019 or \u2018all diarrhoea\u2019 group from the healthy controls, and the IBS-C or IBS-D group from the healthy control group. Plasma phospholipids and metabolites linked to several amino acid and nucleoside pathways differed (p &lt; 0.05) between healthy controls and IBS-C. In contrast, metabolites involved in bile acid and amino acid metabolism were the key differentiating classes in the plasma of subjects with IBS-D from healthy controls. Faecal lipids, particularly ceramides, diglycerides, and triglycerides, varied (p &lt; 0.05) between healthy controls and the \u2018all constipation\u2019 group and between healthy controls and \u2018all diarrhoea\u2019 group. The faecal and plasma metabolomes showed perturbations between constipation, diarrhoea and healthy control groups that may reflect processes and mechanisms linked to FGIDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252413465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T06:48:39Z","timestamp":1734331719000},"page":"13465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Characterisation of the Plasma and Faecal Metabolomes in Participants with Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1136-4024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl","family":"Fraser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AgResearch, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"},{"name":"The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand"},{"name":"High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanalee C.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AgResearch, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"},{"name":"The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand"},{"name":"High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"},{"name":"School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4472, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AgResearch, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"},{"name":"The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand"},{"name":"High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Gearry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2350-6306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phoebe E.","family":"Heenan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline I.","family":"Keenan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2537-3092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Talley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle 2308, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2514-6551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Warren C.","family":"McNabb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand"},{"name":"High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6744-9705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole C.","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand"},{"name":"High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.11.019","article-title":"Rome Foundation Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction","volume":"162","author":"Drossman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1159\/000505287","article-title":"Irritable Bowel Syndrome Subtypes: New Names for Old Medical Conditions","volume":"38","author":"Grad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig. 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