{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:40:43Z","timestamp":1760146843737,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MPY 388\/18","PID2023-151514OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MPY 388\/18","PID2023-151514OB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antigen recognition by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) restriction is critical for an adequate antiviral response in both natural infection and vaccination. However, the overwhelming polymorphism of HLA, with nearly 40,000 alleles identified, is an important limitation for the global analysis of cellular immune responses and vaccine efficacy. In this narrative review, we included several immunoinformatics studies performed in our laboratory to circumvent this limitation. These analyses focused on studying the cellular immune responses restricted by the most common HLA alleles, and their role in vaccine efficacy. Computational studies validated experimentally, such as our laboratory has carried out, represent a useful, rapid, and cost-effective strategy to combat future pandemics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252413477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T09:17:58Z","timestamp":1734340678000},"page":"13477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bioinformatic Tools for Studying the Cellular Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2, Vaccine Efficacy, and Future Pandemics at the Global Population Level"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0268-5878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Microbiolog\u00eda, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Zum\u00e1rraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Microbiolog\u00eda, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2814-7","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 elicits human antibody and TH1 T cell responses","volume":"586","author":"Sahin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadp2636","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adp2636","article-title":"CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells are required to prevent SARS-CoV-2 persistence in the nasal compartment","volume":"10","author":"Kar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. 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