{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T19:54:07Z","timestamp":1788378847988,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":178,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2022-141519OA-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-141519OA-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RYC2021-033875-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC2021-033875-I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PREP2022-000779"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PREP2022-000779"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2022-141519OA-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-141519OA-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RYC2021-033875-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC2021-033875-I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PREP2022-000779"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PREP2022-000779"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Formacion Personal Investigador (PFI) fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2022-141519OA-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-141519OA-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Formacion Personal Investigador (PFI) fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RYC2021-033875-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC2021-033875-I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Formacion Personal Investigador (PFI) fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PREP2022-000779"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PREP2022-000779"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs), especially transported by extracellular vesicles (EVs), have recently emerged as major new participants in interorgan communication, playing an important role in the metabolic coordination of our tissues. Among these, adipose tissue displays an extraordinary ability to secrete a vast list of EV-carried miRNAs into the circulation, representing new hormone-like factors. Despite the limitations of current methodologies for the unequivocal identification of the origin and destination of EV-carried miRNAs in vivo, recent investigations clearly support the important regulatory role of adipose-derived circulating miRNAs in shaping the metabolism and function of other tissues including the liver, muscle, endocrine pancreas, cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, and brain. Here, we review the most recent findings regarding miRNAs transported by adipose-derived EVs (AdEVs) targeting other major metabolic organs and the implications of this dialog for physiology and pathology. We also review here the current and potential future diagnostic and therapeutic applications of AdEV-carried miRNAs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252413488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T03:46:02Z","timestamp":1734407162000},"page":"13488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Adipose Tissue as a Major Launch Spot for Circulating Extracellular Vesicle-Carried MicroRNAs Coordinating Tissue and Systemic Metabolism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Paula","family":"Diez-Roda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnolog\u00eda (CNB)-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Perez-Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnolog\u00eda (CNB)-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2049-4960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruben","family":"Garcia-Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnolog\u00eda (CNB)-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2921","article-title":"Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease","volume":"11","author":"Ouchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clemente-Su\u00e1rez, V.J., Redondo-Fl\u00f3rez, L., Beltr\u00e1n-Velasco, A.I., Mart\u00edn-Rodr\u00edguez, A., Mart\u00ednez-Guardado, I., Navarro-Jim\u00e9nez, E., Laborde-C\u00e1rdenas, C.C., and Tornero-Aguilera, J.F. (2023). The Role of Adipokines in Health and Disease. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11051290"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2023.102089","article-title":"Adipose tissue-derived lipokines in metabolism","volume":"81","author":"Tsuji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.03.006","article-title":"Metazoan MicroRNAs","volume":"173","author":"Bartel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1258040","article-title":"Structural basis for microRNA targeting","volume":"346","author":"Schirle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2936","article-title":"Gene silencing by microRNAs: Contributions of translational repression and mRNA decay","volume":"12","author":"Huntzinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16422","article-title":"The intricate balance between microRNA-induced mRNA decay and translational repression","volume":"290","author":"Naeli","year":"2023","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s11030-006-9028-2","article-title":"The RNase a superfamily: Generation of diversity and innate host defense","volume":"10","author":"Dyer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Divers."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1596","article-title":"Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells","volume":"9","author":"Valadi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1800","article-title":"Glioblastoma microvesicles transport RNA and proteins that promote tumour growth and provide diagnostic biomarkers","volume":"10","author":"Skog","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5003","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1019055108","article-title":"Argonaute2 complexes carry a population of circulating microRNAs independent of vesicles in human plasma","volume":"108","author":"Arroyo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2210","article-title":"MicroRNAs are transported in plasma and delivered to recipient cells by high-density lipoproteins","volume":"13","author":"Vickers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-018-0040-4","article-title":"Identification of distinct nanoparticles and subsets of extracellular vesicles by asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-021-00805-8","article-title":"Supermeres are functional extracellular nanoparticles replete with disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau6977","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau6977","article-title":"The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes","volume":"367","author":"Kalluri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0251-y","article-title":"RNA delivery by extracellular vesicles in mammalian cells and its applications","volume":"21","author":"Breyne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.08.002","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle-based interorgan transport of mitochondria from energetically stressed adipocytes","volume":"33","author":"Crewe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04234-3","article-title":"MicroRNA sequence codes for small extracellular vesicle release and cellular retention","volume":"601","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1133","article-title":"Evaluation of methodologies for microRNA biomarker detection by next generation sequencing","volume":"15","author":"Magen","year":"2018","journal-title":"RNA Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01196-x","article-title":"Coding and noncoding landscape of extracellular RNA released by human glioma stem cells","volume":"8","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.02.018","article-title":"exRNA Atlas Analysis Reveals Distinct Extracellular RNA Cargo Types and Their Carriers Present across Human Biofluids","volume":"177","author":"Murillo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.125","article-title":"Shedding light on the cell biology of extracellular vesicles","volume":"19","author":"Raposo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-018-0250-9","article-title":"Specificities of secretion and uptake of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles for cell-to-cell communication","volume":"21","author":"Mathieu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willms, E., Cabanas, C., Mager, I., Wood, M.J.A., and Vader, P. (2018). Extracellular Vesicle Heterogeneity: Subpopulations, Isolation Techniques, and Diverse Functions in Cancer Progression. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00738"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-022-04253-7","article-title":"Current status and outlook of advances in exosome isolation","volume":"414","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.1002\/jex2.44","article-title":"Are Supermeres a Distinct Nanoparticle?","volume":"1","author":"Jeppesen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1002\/jex2.45","article-title":"Exomeres and Supermeres: Monolithic or diverse?","volume":"1","author":"Tosar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12396","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12396","article-title":"Size matters: Functional differences of small extracellular vesicle subpopulations in cardiac repair responses","volume":"13","author":"Manjikian","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24641","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v3.24641","article-title":"Routes and mechanisms of extracellular vesicle uptake","volume":"3","author":"Mulcahy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22126-y","article-title":"Quantitative characterization of extracellular vesicle uptake and content delivery within mammalian cells","volume":"12","author":"Bonsergent","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12404","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12404","article-title":"Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches","volume":"13","author":"Welsh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E968","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1521230113","article-title":"Proteomic comparison defines novel markers to characterize heterogeneous populations of extracellular vesicle subtypes","volume":"113","author":"Kowal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21365","article-title":"Adipose-derived circulating miRNAs regulate gene expression in other tissues","volume":"542","author":"Thomou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e150399","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.150399","article-title":"Altered pattern of circulating miRNAs in HIV lipodystrophy perturbs key adipose differentiation and inflammation pathways","volume":"6","author":"Srinivasa","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2016.06.012","article-title":"Lipodystrophy Syndromes","volume":"45","author":"Hussain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3339","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI73468","article-title":"Altered miRNA processing disrupts brown\/white adipocyte determination and associates with lipodystrophy","volume":"124","author":"Mori","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213ra164","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3007148","article-title":"HIV-1 Vpr induces adipose dysfunction in vivo through reciprocal effects on PPAR\/GR co-regulation","volume":"5","author":"Agarwal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"3110277","article-title":"Tissue differences in the exosomal\/small extracellular vesicle proteome and their potential as indicators of altered tissue metabolism","volume":"38","author":"Brandao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw2586","article-title":"A lipase-independent pathway of lipid release and immune modulation by adipocytes","volume":"363","author":"Flaherty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12158","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1808855115","article-title":"Obesity-associated exosomal miRNAs modulate glucose and lipid metabolism in mice","volume":"115","author":"Castano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05249-w","article-title":"Increased secretion of adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles is associated with adipose tissue inflammation and the mobilization of excess lipid in human obesity","volume":"22","author":"Matilainen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21626","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00983-3","article-title":"Profiling of ob\/ob mice skeletal muscle exosome-like vesicles demonstrates combined action of miRNAs, proteins and lipids to modulate lipid homeostasis in recipient cells","volume":"11","author":"Jalabert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14450-6","article-title":"Liver governs adipose remodelling via extracellular vesicles in response to lipid overload","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e141962","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.141962","article-title":"Adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles regulate survival and function of pancreatic beta cells","volume":"6","author":"Gesmundo","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01149-x","article-title":"Signaling pathways in obesity: Mechanisms and therapeutic interventions","volume":"7","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6328","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0914843107","article-title":"Functional delivery of viral miRNAs via exosomes","volume":"107","author":"Pegtel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-02-338004","article-title":"Mechanism of transfer of functional microRNAs between mouse dendritic cells via exosomes","volume":"119","author":"Montecalvo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.07.035","article-title":"Endogenous RNAs modulate microRNA sorting to exosomes and transfer to acceptor cells","volume":"8","author":"Squadrito","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2980","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3980","article-title":"Sumoylated hnRNPA2B1 controls the sorting of miRNAs into exosomes through binding to specific motifs","volume":"4","author":"Vazquez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.02.029","article-title":"Reassessment of Exosome Composition","volume":"177","author":"Jeppesen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47544","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.47544","article-title":"Distinct mechanisms of microRNA sorting into cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicle subtypes","volume":"8","author":"Shurtleff","year":"2019","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19276","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.19276","article-title":"Y-box protein 1 is required to sort microRNAs into exosomes in cells and in a cell-free reaction","volume":"5","author":"Shurtleff","year":"2016","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.09.031","article-title":"The RNA-Binding Protein SYNCRIP Is a Component of the Hepatocyte Exosomal Machinery Controlling MicroRNA Sorting","volume":"17","author":"Santangelo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.08.027","article-title":"Nontemplated nucleotide additions distinguish the small RNA composition in cells from exosomes","volume":"8","author":"Hackenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114491","article-title":"Multi-step regulation of microRNA expression and secretion into small extracellular vesicles by insulin","volume":"43","author":"Lino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.09.005","article-title":"An Endothelial-to-Adipocyte Extracellular Vesicle Axis Governed by Metabolic State","volume":"175","author":"Crewe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12241","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12241","article-title":"Non-Invasive imaging of extracellular vesicles: Quo vaditis in vivo?","volume":"11","author":"Arifin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi, Y.W., Lee, J.H., Kim, S.Y., Pack, C.G., Ha, D.H., Park, S.R., Youn, J., and Cho, B.S. (2020). Advances in Analysis of Biodistribution of Exosomes by Molecular Imaging. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21020665"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2024.01.005","article-title":"The landscape of nanoparticle-based siRNA delivery and therapeutic development","volume":"32","author":"Moazzam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cataldi, M., Vigliotti, C., Mosca, T., Cammarota, M., and Capone, D. (2017). Emerging Role of the Spleen in the Pharmacokinetics of Monoclonal Antibodies, Nanoparticles and Exosomes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18061249"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26316","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v4.26316","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle in vivo biodistribution is determined by cell source, route of administration and targeting","volume":"4","author":"Wiklander","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16616","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73580-5","article-title":"In vivo imaging of long-term accumulation of cancer-derived exosomes using a BRET-based reporter","volume":"10","author":"Hikita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-0386-0","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of FGF21 in metabolic diseases: From bench to clinic","volume":"16","author":"Geng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu, X., Hou, Y., Zhang, X., Li, M., Ma, D., Tang, Y., Yuan, C., Sun, C., Liang, M., and Liu, J. (2023). Hepatic Glucose Metabolism Disorder Induced by Adipose Tissue-Derived miR-548ag via DPP4 Upregulation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032964"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2006.01178.x","article-title":"DPP-4 inhibitors and their potential role in the management of type 2 diabetes","volume":"60","author":"Barnett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.07.011","article-title":"Extracellular miRNAs: From Biomarkers to Mediators of Physiology and Disease","volume":"30","author":"Mori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"22719","article-title":"Gonadal white adipose tissue-derived exosomal MiR-222 promotes obesity-associated insulin resistance","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13714","article-title":"miR-4431 targets TRIP10\/PRKD1 and impairs glucose metabolism","volume":"13","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.28522","article-title":"Exosomal transfer of obesity adipose tissue for decreased miR-141-3p mediate insulin resistance of hepatocytes","volume":"15","author":"Dang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5480","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41160-6","article-title":"Cold-activated brown fat-derived extracellular vesicle-miR-378a-3p stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis in male mice","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.05.090","article-title":"Brown adipocyte-derived exosomal miR-132-3p suppress hepatic Srebf1 expression and thereby attenuate expression of lipogenic genes","volume":"530","author":"Kariba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.08.035","article-title":"Adipose Tissue Macrophage-Derived Exosomal miRNAs Can Modulate In Vivo and In Vitro Insulin Sensitivity","volume":"171","author":"Ying","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.12.019","article-title":"MiR-690, an exosomal-derived miRNA from M2-polarized macrophages, improves insulin sensitivity in obese mice","volume":"33","author":"Ying","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reth.2023.09.014","article-title":"Adipose stem cells in tissue regeneration and repair: From bench to bedside","volume":"24","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Regen. Ther."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1080\/21623945.2022.2098583","article-title":"Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell-secreted extracellular vesicles alleviate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via delivering miR-223-3p","volume":"11","author":"Niu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adipocyte"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niitsu, Y., Komiya, C., Takeuchi, A., Hara, K., Horino, M., Aoki, J., Okazaki, R., Murakami, M., Tsujimoto, K., and Ikeda, K. (2023). Increased serum extracellular vesicle miR-144-3p and miR-486a-3p in a mouse model of adipose tissue regeneration promote hepatocyte proliferation by targeting Txnip. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284989"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12262","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12262","article-title":"Liver-originated small extracellular vesicles with TM4SF5 target brown adipose tissue for homeostatic glucose clearance","volume":"11","author":"Jung","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.154006","article-title":"Hepatic exosome-derived miR-130a-3p attenuates glucose intolerance via suppressing PHLPP2 gene in adipocyte","volume":"103","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-2996-8","article-title":"Circulating miR-130b mediates metabolic crosstalk between fat and muscle in overweight\/obesity","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.22565","article-title":"Adipocyte-Derived Exosomal MiR-27a Induces Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle Through Repression of PPAR\u03b3","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21644","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202100242R","article-title":"Mechanical overload-induced muscle-derived extracellular vesicles promote adipose tissue lipolysis","volume":"35","author":"Vechetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e182589","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.182589","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle transfer of miR-1 to adipose tissue modifies lipolytic pathways following resistance exercise","volume":"9","author":"Burke","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2316544121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2316544121","article-title":"Reciprocal communication between FAPs and muscle cells via distinct extracellular vesicle miRNAs in muscle regeneration","volume":"121","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2013.07.006","article-title":"Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 influences cell cycle progression in muscle satellite cells","volume":"382","author":"Fortier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, M., Xing, L., Wu, J., Wen, S., Luo, J., Chen, T., Fan, Y., Zhu, J., Yang, L., and Liu, J. (2023). Skeletal Muscle-Derived Exosomal miR-146a-5p Inhibits Adipogenesis by Mediating Muscle-Fat Axis and Targeting GDF5-PPARgamma Signaling. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054561"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M062497","article-title":"miR-146a-5p inhibits TNF-alpha-induced adipogenesis via targeting insulin receptor in primary porcine adipocytes","volume":"57","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-021-00597-2","article-title":"MicroRNA-132 may be associated with blood pressure and liver steatosis-preliminary observations in obese individuals","volume":"36","author":"Eikelis","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.11.012","article-title":"MiR-132 controls pancreatic beta cell proliferation and survival through Pten\/Akt\/Foxo3 signaling","volume":"31","author":"Mziaut","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-009-9217-2","article-title":"Obesity and genetics regulate microRNAs in islets, liver, and adipose of diabetic mice","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mamm. Genome"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700594","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201700594","article-title":"Modulation of Human Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue MicroRNA Profile Associated with Changes in Adiposity-Related Parameters","volume":"62","author":"Giardina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.09.006","article-title":"Change in circulating microRNA profile of obese children indicates future risk of adult diabetes","volume":"78","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36148-1","article-title":"Adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles increase insulin secretion through transport of insulinotropic protein cargo","volume":"14","author":"Kulaj","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.2337\/db24-0177","article-title":"Visceral Adipocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicle miR-27a-5p Elicits Glucose Intolerance by Inhibiting Pancreatic beta-Cell Insulin Secretion","volume":"73","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, H., Luo, Z., Jin, Z., Ji, Y., and Ying, W. (2021). Adipose Tissue Macrophages Modulate Obesity-Associated beta Cell Adaptations through Secreted miRNA-Containing Extracellular Vesicles. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10092451"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"e984","article-title":"Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"143","author":"Poirier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2022.05.004","article-title":"Epididymal white adipose tissue promotes angiotensin II-induced cardiac fibrosis in an exosome-dependent manner","volume":"248","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03484-7","article-title":"Secretion of miRNA-326-3p by senescent adipose exacerbates myocardial metabolism in diabetic mice","volume":"20","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.05.031","article-title":"Role of Human Epicardial Adipose Tissue-Derived miR-92a-3p in Myocardial Redox State","volume":"82","author":"Carena","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hroo.2023.10.007","article-title":"MicroRNAs in extracellular vesicles released from epicardial adipose tissue promote arrhythmogenic conduction slowing","volume":"4","author":"Ernault","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm O2"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bottardi, A., Prado, G.F.A., Lunardi, M., Fezzi, S., Pesarini, G., Tavella, D., Scarsini, R., and Ribichini, F. (2024). Clinical Updates in Coronary Artery Disease: A Comprehensive Review. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13164600"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvv266","article-title":"Integrative miRNA and whole-genome analyses of epicardial adipose tissue in patients with coronary atherosclerosis","volume":"109","author":"Vacca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"30","article-title":"Thickness and an Altered miRNA Expression in the Epicardial Adipose Tissue Is Associated With Coronary Heart Disease in Sudden Death Victims","volume":"72","author":"Molina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2306206","article-title":"MicroRNA Expression Profiles of Epicardial Adipose Tissue-Derived Exosomes in Patients with Coronary Atherosclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirza, I., Haloul, M., Hassan, C., Masrur, M., Mostafa, A., Bianco, F.M., Ali, M.M., Minshall, R.D., and Mahmoud, A.M. (2023). Adiposomes from Obese-Diabetic Individuals Promote Endothelial Dysfunction and Loss of Surface Caveolae. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12202453"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02404-x","article-title":"MiRNA-132\/212 encapsulated by adipose tissue-derived exosomes worsen atherosclerosis progression","volume":"23","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Y., Chen, J., and Qiu, H. (2020). Novel Mechanisms of Exercise-Induced Cardioprotective Factors in Myocardial Infarction. Front. Physiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00199"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.320458","article-title":"Small Extracellular Vesicles from Brown Adipose Tissue Mediate Exercise Cardioprotection","volume":"130","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.7","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in coronary artery disease","volume":"14","author":"Boulanger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13062-023-00361-1","article-title":"ADSC-derived exosomes attenuate myocardial infarction injury by promoting miR-205-mediated cardiac angiogenesis","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Direct"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3131","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.52677","article-title":"Conditioned medium from adipose-derived stem cells attenuates ischemia\/reperfusion-induced cardiac injury through the microRNA-221\/222\/PUMA\/ETS-1 pathway","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4433","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.27731","article-title":"Exosomes derived from miR-146a-modified adipose-derived stem cells attenuate acute myocardial infarction-induced myocardial damage via downregulation of early growth response factor 1","volume":"120","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2015-0177","article-title":"Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Induce Angiogenesis via Microvesicle Transport of miRNA-31","volume":"5","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-024-00650-4","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles from Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal Cells Stimulate Angiogenesis in a Scaffold-Dependent Fashion","volume":"21","author":"Getova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2019.04.005","article-title":"Microvesicles (MIVs) secreted from adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) contain multiple microRNAs and promote the migration and invasion of endothelial cells","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genes Dis."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2022.212781","article-title":"Adipose mesenchymal stem cell sheets-derived extracellular vesicles-microRNA-10b promote skin wound healing by elevating expression of CDK6","volume":"136","author":"Liao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9590","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15387","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle-enclosed miR-486-5p mediates wound healing with adipose-derived stem cells by promoting angiogenesis","volume":"24","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20220216","article-title":"Multicellular regulation of miR-196a-5p and miR-425-5 from adipose stem cell-derived exosomes and cardiac repair","volume":"136","author":"Neri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2024.110046","article-title":"Research on the role of exosomes secreted by immortalized adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells differentiated into pericytes in the repair of high glucose-induced retinal vascular endothelial cell damage","volume":"247","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2010.07.004","article-title":"Diverse roles of leptin in the gastrointestinal tract: Modulation of motility, absorption, growth, and inflammation","volume":"27","author":"Yarandi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14004","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-41377-x","article-title":"Regulation and function of adiponectin in the intestinal epithelial cells in response to Trichinella spiralis infection","volume":"13","author":"Jeerawattanawart","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radziszewska, M., Ostrowska, L., and Smarkusz-Zarzecka, J. (2024). The Impact of Gastrointestinal Hormones on Human Adipose Tissue Function. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16193245"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, X., Chen, S., Funcke, J.B., Straub, L.G., Pirro, V., Emont, M.P., Droz, B.A., Collins, K.A., Joung, C., and Pearson, M.J. (Cell Metab., 2024). The GIP receptor activates futile calcium cycling in white adipose tissue to increase energy expenditure and drive weight loss in mice, Cell Metab., online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2024.11.003"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5099","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c01860","article-title":"Visceral Adipose Tissue Derived Exosomes Exacerbate Colitis Severity via Pro-inflammatory MiRNAs in High Fat Diet Fed Mice","volume":"14","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1159\/000185527","article-title":"Human mesenteric adipose tissue plays unique role versus subcutaneous and omental fat in obesity related diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.09.050","article-title":"Up-regulated expression of microRNA-143 in association with obesity in adipose tissue of mice fed high-fat diet","volume":"376","author":"Takanabe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800790934","article-title":"Fat-wrapping in Crohn\u2019s disease: Pathological basis and relevance to surgical practice","volume":"79","author":"Sheehan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab040","article-title":"MALAT1 Maintains the Intestinal Mucosal Homeostasis in Crohn\u2019s Disease via the miR-146b-5p-CLDN11\/NUMB Pathway","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjad042","article-title":"Exosomal miR-103a-3p from Crohn\u2019s Creeping Fat-Derived Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Contributes to Intestinal Fibrosis by Targeting TGFBR3 and Activating Fibroblasts","volume":"17","author":"Qian","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2016.48","article-title":"TGF-beta: The master regulator of fibrosis","volume":"12","author":"Meng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00794-0","article-title":"The gut microbiota in obesity and weight management: Microbes as friends or foe?","volume":"19","author":"Cani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12541","article-title":"Weight-loss interventions and gut microbiota changes in overweight and obese patients: A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Seganfredo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15878","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15878","article-title":"Gut microbe-derived extracellular vesicles induce insulin resistance, thereby impairing glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle","volume":"5","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034516685071","article-title":"Secretable Small RNAs via Outer Membrane Vesicles in Periodontal Pathogens","volume":"96","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Layton, E., Fairhurst, A.M., Griffiths-Jones, S., Grencis, R.K., and Roberts, I.S. (2020). Regulatory RNAs: A Universal Language for Inter-Domain Communication. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21238919"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furuse, Y., Finethy, R., Saka, H.A., Xet-Mull, A.M., Sisk, D.M., Smith, K.L., Lee, S., Coers, J., Valdivia, R.H., and Tobin, D.M. (2014). Search for microRNAs expressed by intracellular bacterial pathogens in infected mammalian cells. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106434"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13412","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201901575R","article-title":"Extracellular RNAs in periodontopathogenic outer membrane vesicles promote TNF-alpha production in human macrophages and cross the blood-brain barrier in mice","volume":"33","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-022-00359-3","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles through the blood-brain barrier: A review","volume":"19","author":"Polakovicova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.08.004","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles mediate the communication of adipose tissue with brain and promote cognitive impairment associated with insulin resistance","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-02091-x","article-title":"Exosomal microRNA-22-3p alleviates cerebral ischemic injury by modulating KDM6B\/BMP2\/BMF axis","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1080\/21623945.2021.1938829","article-title":"microRNA-26a shuttled by extracellular vesicles secreted from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells reduce neuronal damage through KLF9-mediated regulation of TRAF2\/KLF2 axis","volume":"10","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adipocyte"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113611","article-title":"miR-31 from adipose stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles promotes recovery of neurological function after ischemic stroke by inhibiting TRAF6 and IRF5","volume":"342","author":"Lv","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02668-0","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles from adipose-derived stem cells promote microglia M2 polarization and neurological recovery in a mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2024.107779","article-title":"Function of miR-21-5p derived from ADSCs-exos on the neuroinflammation after cerebral ischemia","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12510","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12510","article-title":"A critical systematic review of extracellular vesicle clinical trials","volume":"13","author":"Mizenko","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bnaa004","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnaa004","article-title":"Metabolically Healthy Obesity","volume":"41","author":"Bluher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00757-5","article-title":"Glucose metabolism after bariatric surgery: Implications for T2DM remission and hypoglycaemia","volume":"19","author":"Sandoval","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.04.019","article-title":"Time-restricted feeding without reducing caloric intake prevents metabolic diseases in mice fed a high-fat diet","volume":"15","author":"Hatori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnad030","article-title":"Protective Factors and the Pathogenesis of Complications in Diabetes","volume":"45","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2011.595","article-title":"Changes in circulating microRNA levels associated with prostate cancer","volume":"106","author":"Bryant","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-016-1446-8","article-title":"Circulating adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles are novel markers of metabolic stress","volume":"94","author":"Eguchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20954","article-title":"FABP4 is secreted from adipocytes by adenyl cyclase-PKA- and guanylyl cyclase-PKG-dependent lipolytic mechanisms","volume":"23","author":"Mita","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.04.114","article-title":"Adiponectin is partially associated with exosomes in mouse serum","volume":"448","author":"Phoonsawat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112866","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles are carriers of adiponectin with insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory properties","volume":"42","author":"Blandin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2018-00266","article-title":"Evidence for Adipocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in the Human Circulation","volume":"159","author":"Connolly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2021.01.006","article-title":"Human obese white adipose tissue sheds depot-specific extracellular vesicles and reveals candidate biomarkers for monitoring obesity and its comorbidities","volume":"239","author":"Camino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305677","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2017.1305677","article-title":"Characterisation of adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicle subtypes identifies distinct protein and lipid signatures for large and small extracellular vesicles","volume":"6","author":"Durcin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e99680","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.99680","article-title":"Adiponectin\/T-cadherin system enhances exosome biogenesis and decreases cellular ceramides by exosomal release","volume":"3","author":"Obata","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-1089","article-title":"Lessons on conditional gene targeting in mouse adipose tissue","volume":"62","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)32363-4","article-title":"Oxidized LDL induces the expression of ALBP\/aP2 mRNA and protein in human THP-1 macrophages","volume":"41","author":"Fu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5706","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-21-0536","article-title":"TGFBI Production by Macrophages Contributes to an Immunosuppressive Microenvironment in Ovarian Cancer","volume":"81","author":"Lecker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-023-01585-y","article-title":"Cellular uptake and in vivo distribution of mesenchymal-stem-cell-derived extracellular vesicles are protein corona dependent","volume":"19","author":"Faruqu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109672","article-title":"Adipocyte-released adipomes in Chagas cardiomyopathy: Impact on cardiac metabolic and immune regulation","volume":"27","author":"Thangavel","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"e62635","article-title":"Human Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Sampling using a Mini-liposuction Technique","volume":"175","author":"MacGregor","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e59","DOI":"10.1002\/jex2.59","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of extracellular vesicles administered intravenously and intranasally to Macaca nemestrina","volume":"1","author":"Driedonks","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22341","article-title":"Exosomes facilitate therapeutic targeting of oncogenic KRAS in pancreatic cancer","volume":"546","author":"Kamerkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2012.06.018","article-title":"Toward tailored exosomes: The exosomal tetraspanin web contributes to target cell selection","volume":"44","author":"Rana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15756","article-title":"Tumour exosome integrins determine organotropic metastasis","volume":"527","author":"Hoshino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S154458","article-title":"Engineered exosome-mediated delivery of functionally active miR-26a and its enhanced suppression effect in HepG2 cells","volume":"13","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12290","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12290","article-title":"Cell-specific targeting of extracellular vesicles through engineering the glycocalyx","volume":"11","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12134","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12134","article-title":"Preclinical efficacy and clinical safety of clinical-grade nebulized allogenic adipose mesenchymal stromal cells-derived extracellular vesicles","volume":"10","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9636897221083863","DOI":"10.1177\/09636897221083863","article-title":"Final Results of Allogeneic Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Acute Ischemic Stroke (AMASCIS): A Phase II, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Single-Center, Pilot Clinical Trial","volume":"31","author":"Fuentes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-05034-x","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for immunomodulation and regeneration: A next generation therapeutic tool?","volume":"13","author":"Kou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104843","article-title":"Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and extracellular vesicles confer antitumor activity in preclinical treatment of breast cancer","volume":"157","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Ghadban, S., Artiles, M., and Bunnell, B.A. (2021). Adipose Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine: Looking Forward. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.837464"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-05075-2","article-title":"RNA-based therapeutics: An overview and prospectus","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2016.02.006","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles for drug delivery","volume":"106","author":"Vader","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2023.04.001","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle-based delivery of silencing sequences for the treatment of Machado-Joseph disease\/spinocerebellar ataxia type 3","volume":"31","author":"Albuquerque","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14888","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1408301111","article-title":"Quantitative and stoichiometric analysis of the microRNA content of exosomes","volume":"111","author":"Chevillet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/24\/13488\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:53:27Z","timestamp":1760115207000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/24\/13488"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"references-count":178,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms252413488"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms252413488","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]}}}