{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T04:28:19Z","timestamp":1779337699822,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Trakia University","award":["4\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4\/2024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study aimed to investigate and compare oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidant enzyme activity in the serum of women at risk of developing preeclampsia (PE) to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes through early intervention. Changes in soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) and placental growth factor (PlGF) levels were measured between 11 and 13 gestational weeks (gw.) before the onset of preeclampsia and its associated complications. This study evaluated the feasibility of the sFlt-1\/PlGF biomarker ratio in predicting preeclampsia and adverse pregnancy outcomes, with the goal of preventive therapy with acetylsalicylic acid (150 mg daily), with acetylsalicylic acid (75 mg daily) and Clampsilin. For this purpose, the following were evaluated: (1) the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) as parameters of oxidative stress; (2) lipid oxidation; (3) antioxidant enzyme activity; and (4) cytokine production. Analysis of the results showed that pregnant women at risk of preeclampsia had significantly higher levels of ROS, lipid oxidation, and superoxide anion radical (\u2022O2\u2212) levels compared to normal pregnancies. In PE, depleted levels of nitric oxide (NO), impaired NO synthase system (NOS), and reduced antioxidant enzyme activity (p &lt; 0.03) suggest that PE patients cannot compensate for oxidative stress (OS). In conclusion, oxidative stress in PE plays a key role, which arises from placental problems and affects both mother and baby. The groups with acetylsalicylic acid therapy (150 mg and 75 mg) were better affected compared to those on Clampsillin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252413497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T05:26:02Z","timestamp":1734413162000},"page":"13497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Preeclampsia Treatment Aspirin\/Clampsilin: Oxidative Stress, sFlt-1\/PIGF Soluble Tyrosine Kinase 1, and Placental Growth Factor Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Denitsa","family":"Kostadinova-Slavova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynaecology Clinic, UMHAT \u201cProf. St. Kirkovich\u201d, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamelia","family":"Petkova-Parlapanska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armeiska Str., 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Koleva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armeiska Str., 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariya","family":"Angelova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armeiska Str., 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafaah","family":"Sadi J. Al-Dahwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynaecology Clinic, UMHAT \u201cProf. St. Kirkovich\u201d, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0552-6266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Georgieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Forensic Medicine, Deontology and Dermatovenerology, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armeiska Str., 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanka","family":"Karamalakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armeiska Str., 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Galina","family":"Nikolova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Trakia University, 11 Armeiska Str., 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ridder, A., Giorgione, V., Khalil, A., and Thilaganathan, B. 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