{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T19:55:14Z","timestamp":1779134114112,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)\u2014Finance Code 001"},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPQ)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant disease characterized by the proliferation of plasma cells, primarily in the bone marrow. It accounts for approximately 1% of all cancers and 10% of hematologic malignancies. Clinical manifestations include hypercalcemia, anemia, renal failure, and bone lesions. The pathogenesis of MM involves complex interactions between myeloma cells and their microenvironment. Galectins, a family of \u03b2-galactoside-binding proteins, particularly galectin-1, -3, -4, -7, and -9, have been implicated in MM development. This study aimed to assess the plasma levels of these galectins in newly diagnosed MM patients and explore their correlation with clinical parameters. Peripheral blood samples were collected from patients at the Oncohematology Service of the Hospital de C\u00e2ncer de Pernambuco, and galectin levels were measured using ELISA. Plasma levels of galectins-3, -7, and -9 were significantly higher in MM patients compared to the control group. Three clusters of MM patients were identified based on galectin plasma levels, with cluster 3, characterized by high levels of galectin-1, -4, and -7, being associated with a worse prognosis. A strong positive correlation was found between galectin-1, -4, and -7 levels and markers of kidney function (urea, creatinine, and \u03b22-microglobulin), while negative correlations were observed with hematocrit and hemoglobin. Additionally, galectin-9 showed high accuracy in distinguishing MM patients from healthy controls (AUC = 0.931). Elevated galectin levels were indicative of disease aggressiveness and renal impairment in MM patients. Overall, our findings suggest that galectins-1, -4, -7, and -9 could serve as potential biomarkers for MM progression and severity, warranting further investigation into their utility in MM diagnosis and treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252413499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T05:26:02Z","timestamp":1734413162000},"page":"13499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Galectin Plasmatic Levels Reveal a Cluster Associated with Disease Aggressiveness and Kidney Damage in Multiple Myeloma Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Lidiane Vasconcelos do Nascimento","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Therapeutic Innovation (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reijane Alves","family":"Assis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Service of the Hospital de C\u00e2ncer de Pernambuco, Cabug\u00e1\/ 50040-000, Recife 50040-000, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Montenegro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Therapeutic Innovation (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0163-3833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle Melgarejo","family":"da Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Therapeutic Innovation (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1672-8202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelly Cristiny","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Therapeutic Innovation (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maira Galdino da Rocha","family":"Pitta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Therapeutic Innovation (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1883-6012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moacyr Jesus Barreto","family":"de Melo R\u00eago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Therapeutic Innovation (NUPIT-SG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1097\/NHH.0000000000001249","article-title":"Multiple Myeloma","volume":"42","author":"Vrtis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Home Healthc. 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