{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T20:54:20Z","timestamp":1791665660576,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tyrosinase is a key enzyme responsible for the formation of melanin (a natural skin pigment with ultraviolet-protection properties). However, some people experience melanin overproduction, so new, safe, and biocompatible enzyme inhibitors are sought. New tripeptide tyrosinase inhibitors were developed using molecular modeling. A combinatorial library of tripeptides was prepared and docked to the mushroom tyrosinase crystal structure and investigated with molecular dynamics. Based on the results of calculations and expert knowledge, the three potentially most active peptides (CSF, CSN, CVL) were selected. Their in vitro properties were examined, and they achieved half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 136.04, 177.74, and 261.79 \u00b5M, respectively. These compounds attach to the binding pocket of tyrosinase mainly through hydrogen bonds and salt bridges. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated the stability of the peptid\u2013tyrosinase complexes and highlighted the persistence of key interactions throughout the simulation period. The ability of these peptides to complex copper ions was also confirmed. The CSF peptide showed the highest chelating activity with copper. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay confirmed that none of the test tripeptides showed cytotoxicity toward the reconstructed human epidermis. Our results indicated that the developed tripeptides were non-toxic and effective tyrosinase inhibitors. They could be applied as raw materials in skin-brightening or anti-aging cosmetic products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252413509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T05:26:02Z","timestamp":1734413162000},"page":"13509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Novel Tripeptides as Tyrosinase Inhibitors: In Silico and In Vitro Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Dymek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2393-4709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawid","family":"Warszycki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sm\u0119tna 12, 31-343 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2891-5603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabina","family":"Podlewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sm\u0119tna 12, 31-343 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4867-965X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Sikora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17111","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1206851109","article-title":"Solar UV Radiation Reduces the Barrier Function of Human Skin","volume":"109","author":"Biniek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. 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