{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:40:26Z","timestamp":1760146826496,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Graphene and its various derivatives, known as graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs), hold tremendous potential across many fields due to their exceptional properties. As with any novel material, concerns about their safety have emerged alongside their widespread production and use. Several studies have shown that GBNs can have diverse effects on various cell lines and organisms under different exposure conditions. This study intends to evaluate the potential toxicity of few-layer graphene (FLG) in human bronchial BEAS-2B. Cells were exposed to different concentrations of FLG for 24 h, and the cyto-genotoxic, oxidative, and inflammatory effects were evaluated. We found an increase in cytotoxicity in terms of cell death, cell apoptosis, and membrane damage at the highest concentration. We also detected a slight increase in direct DNA damage and the percentage of comets. Oxidative DNA damage was observed at the highest concentration. FLG exposure did not induce notable cytokine release. Overall, this study suggests that exposure to FLG can induce cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and DNA damage in BEAS-2B, particularly at high concentrations. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the potential health effects of FLG and highlight the importance of considering dose-dependent effects when assessing the safety of GBNs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252413515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T06:26:12Z","timestamp":1734416772000},"page":"13515","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Preliminary Study to Investigate Possible Cyto-Genotoxic and Oxidative Effects of Few-Layer Graphene in Human Bronchial Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Fresegna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers\u2019 Compensation Authority\u2014INAIL, Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aureliano","family":"Ciervo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers\u2019 Compensation Authority\u2014INAIL, Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cinzia Lucia","family":"Ursini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers\u2019 Compensation Authority\u2014INAIL, Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raffaele","family":"Maiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers\u2019 Compensation Authority\u2014INAIL, Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Tombolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers\u2019 Compensation Authority\u2014INAIL, Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Del Frate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers\u2019 Compensation Authority\u2014INAIL, Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Gentile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers\u2019 Compensation Authority\u2014INAIL, Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2331-1464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delia","family":"Cavallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers\u2019 Compensation Authority\u2014INAIL, Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-7021(12)70101-3","article-title":"Is graphene safe?","volume":"15","author":"Bradley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. 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