{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T15:54:23Z","timestamp":1778169263573,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","award":["23K06436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K06436"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>DNA is frequently damaged by genotoxic stresses such as ionizing radiation, reactive oxygen species, and nitrogen species. DNA damage is a key contributor to cancer initiation and progression, and thus the precise and timely repair of these harmful lesions is required. Recent studies revealed transcription as a source of genome instability, and transcription-coupled DNA damage has been a focus in cancer research. Impaired mRNA export is closely related to DNA damage through R-loop formation. The molecular machineries of transcription-coupled DNA damage have been extensively analyzed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, the molecular basis of these phenomena in higher eukaryotes remains elusive. In this review, we focus on the relationship between deregulated mRNA export through the transcription-export-2 (TREX-2) complex and cancer development. Particularly, the expression of germinal center-associated nuclear protein (GANP), a molecular scaffold in the TREX-2 complex, is highly associated with tumorigenesis in mice and humans. Although the deregulated expression of other components in the TREX-2 complex might affect cancer development, we have directly demonstrated the significance of GANP in tumorigenesis using genetically modified mice. Additionally, we describe recent evidence for medical applications demonstrating that the downregulation of the other components may be a good candidate for a chemotherapeutic target in terms of reducing the side effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252413612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T08:04:14Z","timestamp":1734595454000},"page":"13612","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Tumorigenesis Caused by Aberrant Expression of GANP, a Central Component in the Mammalian TREX-2 Complex\u2014Lessons from Transcription-Coupled DNA Damages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2550-8794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andri","family":"Rezano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Gondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgical Oncology, Sagara Hospital, Kagoshima 892-0833, Kagoshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7210-9249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Sakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Shizuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuko","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kindai University Hospital, Osaka-sayama 589-8511, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1949-427X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suchada","family":"Phimsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tokio","family":"Tani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Center for Agricultural and Environmental Biology (IRCAEB), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Kumamoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akihiko","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-sayama 589-8511, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3124-5206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seiji","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Retroviral Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Kumamoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7739-2183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuhiko","family":"Kuwahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Genome Medical Center, Kindai University Hospital, Osaka-sayama 589-8511, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1085","article-title":"Mutational Signatures and Mutable Motifs in Cancer Genomes","volume":"19","author":"Rogozin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brief. 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