{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:42:01Z","timestamp":1760146921319,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["#16SV5536K","#16SV5537","#16SV5538","#16SV5837","#01UW0808","#01GL1716A","#01GL1716B","LI 2654\/4-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#16SV5536K","#16SV5537","#16SV5538","#16SV5837","#01UW0808","#01GL1716A","#01GL1716B","LI 2654\/4-1"]}]},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Human Development","award":["#16SV5536K","#16SV5537","#16SV5538","#16SV5837","#01UW0808","#01GL1716A","#01GL1716B","LI 2654\/4-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#16SV5536K","#16SV5537","#16SV5538","#16SV5837","#01UW0808","#01GL1716A","#01GL1716B","LI 2654\/4-1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Heisenberg program of the German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#16SV5536K","#16SV5537","#16SV5538","#16SV5837","#01UW0808","#01GL1716A","#01GL1716B","LI 2654\/4-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#16SV5536K","#16SV5537","#16SV5538","#16SV5837","#01UW0808","#01GL1716A","#01GL1716B","LI 2654\/4-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The immune system likely plays a key role in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) pathophysiology. Thus, we investigated whether immune cell compositions are already altered in healthy individuals at high genetic risk for PD. We quantified 92 immune cell subtypes in the blood of 442 individuals using multicolor flow cytometry. Polygenic risk scores (PGS) for PD were calculated based on genome-wide significant SNPs (n = 87) from a large genome-wide association study (n = 1,530,403). Linear regression analyses did not reveal significant associations between PGS and any immune cell subtype (FDR = 0.05). Nominally significant associations were observed for NKG2C+ B cells (p = 0.026) in the overall sample. Older participants at increased genetic PD risk also showed a higher proportion of myeloid dendritic cells (p = 0.019) and CD27+CD4+ memory T cells (p = 0.043). Several immune cells were nominally statistically associated in women only. These findings suggest that major alterations of immune cells only occur later in the progression of PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252413655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T02:39:56Z","timestamp":1734921596000},"page":"13655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immune Cell Distributions in the Blood of Healthy Individuals at High Genetic Risk of Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9268-2469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Deecke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of M\u00fcnster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6220-1527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Goldeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Fairfax Centre, Kidlington OX5 2PB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7721-6803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olena","family":"Ohlei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of M\u00fcnster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2791-7065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Homann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of M\u00fcnster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4340-2523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilja","family":"Demuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (Including Division of Lipid Metabolism), Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"BCRT\u2014Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0108-124X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"Bertram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"L\u00fcbeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics (LIGA), University of L\u00fcbeck, 23562 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3600-0163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graham","family":"Pawelec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of T\u00fcbingen, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON P3E 2H3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2805-1307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina M.","family":"Lill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of M\u00fcnster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"},{"name":"Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit (AGE), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cossu, D., Hatano, T., and Hattori, N. 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