{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T17:49:18Z","timestamp":1773337758423,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,22]],"date-time":"2024-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Serbian Ministry of Science","award":["451-03-47\/2023-01\/200111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-47\/2023-01\/200111"]}]},{"name":"Serbian Ministry of Science","award":["MP01\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MP01\/18"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Kragujevac","award":["451-03-47\/2023-01\/200111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-47\/2023-01\/200111"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Kragujevac","award":["MP01\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MP01\/18"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the infiltration of lymphocytes on salivary and lacrimal glands, resulting in their dysfunction. Patients suffering from severe pSS have an increased risk of developing multi-organ dysfunction syndrome due to the development of systemic inflammatory response, which results in immune cell-driven injury of the lungs, kidneys, liver, and brain. Therapeutic agents that are used for the treatment of severe pSS encounter various limitations and challenges that can impact their effectiveness. Accordingly, there is a need for targeted, personalized therapy that could address the underlying detrimental immune response while minimizing side effects. Results obtained in a large number of recently published studies have demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the treatment of severe pSS. MSCs, in a juxtacrine and paracrine manner, suppressed the generation of inflammatory Th1 and Th17 lymphocytes, induced the expansion of immunosuppressive cells, impaired the cross-talk between auto-reactive T and B cells, and prevented the synthesis and secretion of auto-antibodies. Additionally, MSC-derived growth and trophic factors promoted survival and prevented apoptosis of injured cells in inflamed lacrimal and salivary glands, thereby enhancing their repair and regeneration. In this review article, we summarized current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for the beneficial effects of MSCs in the suppression of immune cell-driven injury of exocrine glands and vital organs, paving the way for a better understanding of their therapeutic potential in the targeted therapy of severe pSS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252413712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T04:33:29Z","timestamp":1734928409000},"page":"13712","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Targeted Therapy for Severe Sjogren\u2019s Syndrome: A Focus on Mesenchymal Stem Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5906-9198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl Randall","family":"Harrell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Processing Plant, LLC, 34176 US Highway 19 N, Palm Harbor, FL 34684, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Volarevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Center for Research on Harmful Effects of Biological and Chemical Hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozara Markovica Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksandar","family":"Arsenijevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Research on Harmful Effects of Biological and Chemical Hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozara Markovica Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentin","family":"Djonov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladislav","family":"Volarevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Research on Harmful Effects of Biological and Chemical Hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozara Markovica Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy Novi Sad, Heroja Pinkija 4, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-021-00728-6","article-title":"Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: A systemic autoimmune disease","volume":"22","author":"Negrini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. 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