{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:49:11Z","timestamp":1787028551585,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Lodz University of Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a subject of interest for researchers due to its advantageous characteristics, including a straightforward manufacturing process, biocompatibility, and extensive modification potential. The hydrophilic nature of the material is beneficial in some applications, yet a limiting factor in others. This study aimed to develop BC-based materials with goFogureod moisture resistance. The modification of bacterial cellulose (BC) using apple powder, stearic acid, or a combination of these modifiers resulted in the formation of a range of materials, some of which had their surfaces additionally functionalised by coating with a mixture of apple powder and stearic acid (HSt). The nature and type of changes were confirmed by FTIR and theoretical analysis, which was conducted by modelling the interaction between cellulose and homogalacturonan or rhamnogalacturonan using SCIGRESS v.FJ 2.7 software. Changes in hydrogen bonding resulting in a weakening of the interactions between cellulose and water in the presence of pectin were demonstrated by both empirical data and modelling. The effectiveness of BC functionalisation was confirmed by material wettability. The water contact angle changed from 38\u00b0 for the unmodified material to 125\u00b0 for the material obtained by modification of the bacterial cellulose with glycerol followed by modification with a mixture of HSt at a concentration of 10% and AP at a concentration of 60%. The modifications produced a material with a robust hydrophobic surface. The results suggest that the surface roughness may not be the primary factor influencing the hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity of these materials but that it is more likely to be related to the interactions of components. None of the tested materials demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger, or Candida albicans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252413746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T02:50:56Z","timestamp":1735008656000},"page":"13746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["SCOBY Cellulose-Based Materials Hydrophobized Using Stearic Acid and Apple Powder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0881-5610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malgorzata Anita","family":"Bryszewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Natural Products and Cosmetics, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, 90-537 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Gutierez","family":"Pareja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukasz","family":"Kaczmarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1583-4238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Sobczyk-Guzenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6918-6996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Piotrowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, 90-530 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6555-7657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damian","family":"Batory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vehicles and Fundamentals of Machine Design, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-019-0459-z","article-title":"Strategies to Reduce the Global Carbon Footprint of Plastics","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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