{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:51:52Z","timestamp":1787313112597,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]],"date-time":"2024-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wroclaw Medical University","award":["SUBK.D150.24.008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBK.D150.24.008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The etiopathogenesis of breast cancer depends on genetic conditions, but recently more attention has been paid to the dependence of BC on certain environmental factors, for example, metalloestrogens, which include aluminum (Al) contained in antiperspirants used daily. The use of Al derivatives in antiperspirants in concentrations specified by the FDA, as well as European regulations (SCCS, 2020), do not classify Al as a hazardous and carcinogenic substance for humans. However, Al used to treat excessive sweating raises concerns, as many in vitro studies indicate that it can cause gene instability, change gene expression or increase oxidative stress, and also affect the body\u2019s hormonal balance as a metalloestrogen. The environmental reality is that the breast is constantly exposed to many different chemicals, such as Al. This article reviews the literature to determine whether Al-based products can harm the body, as there are many facts and myths on the subject. The aim of the study is to present the current state of knowledge on the use of aluminum antiperspirants and the risk of breast cancer (BC). The article is based on data from the scientific literature, published in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, as well as Science Direct, Scopus, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMbase. It includes articles published in the years 2003\u20132023 mainly in English. Literature databases regarding human and animal studies were searched. To sum up, evaluating the effect of Al as a risk factor for breast cancer requires many studies using different research models focused on long-term exposure to Al-containing antiperspirants. Consumers are advised to limit their exposure to Al by making a conscious choice to minimize exposure to this compound.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26010099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]],"date-time":"2024-12-26T04:31:16Z","timestamp":1735187476000},"page":"99","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Potential Metalloestrogenic Effect of Aluminum on Breast Cancer Risk for Antiperspirant Users"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ewa","family":"Sawicka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Wiatrowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students\u2019 Scientific Society at the Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thun, M., Linet, M., and Cerhan, J. 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