{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T11:34:10Z","timestamp":1792409650776,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]],"date-time":"2024-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Center, Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/02\/X\/NZ7\/01037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/02\/X\/NZ7\/01037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The widespread and inappropriate use of antibiotics, for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes, has contributed to a global crisis of rapidly increasing antimicrobial resistance of microorganisms. This resistance is often associated with elevated mutagenesis induced by the presence of antibiotics. Additionally, subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics can trigger stress responses in bacteria, further exacerbating this problem. In the present study, we investigated the effect of low doses of ciprofloxacin on the induction of the SOS response and the subsequent development of antibiotic resistance in Proteus spp. strains. Our findings revealed an increase in mutation frequencies within the studied strains, accompanied by a significant upregulation of recA expression. These observations were consistent across experiments involving two subinhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin. To establish mutation frequencies and assess gene expression changes, we utilized the RifS-to-RifR forward mutagenesis assay and RT-qPCR analysis, respectively. Furthermore, employing the microdilution method, we demonstrated that these changes could promote cross-resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics in Proteus spp. clinical strains. This, combined with the recurrent nature of Proteus-associated infections, poses a substantial risk of therapeutic failure. In conclusion, exposure to low doses of ciprofloxacin can significantly impact the susceptibility of Proteus bacilli, not only reducing their sensitivity to ciprofloxacin itself but also fostering resistance to other antibiotic classes. These findings underscore the importance of cautious antibiotic use and highlight the potential consequences of subinhibitory antibiotic exposure in clinical and environmental settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26010119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]],"date-time":"2024-12-26T19:33:07Z","timestamp":1735241587000},"page":"119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The SOS Response Activation and the Risk of Antibiotic Resistance Enhancement in Proteus spp. Strains Exposed to Subinhibitory Concentrations of Ciprofloxacin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Zab\u0142otni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology of Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology of Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Siwi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology of Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.63.3.399-406.1952","article-title":"Replica plating and indirect selection of bacterial mutations","volume":"63","author":"Lederberg","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. 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