{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T23:30:14Z","timestamp":1788823814256,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) B\u0130DEB-2219 Postdoctoral Research Program","award":["1059B192201458"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1059B192201458"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hematoxylin (HT) is a natural staining dye used in histopathology, often combined with Eosin for H&amp;E staining. A poly(hematoxylin-co-l-lysine) (p(HT-co-l)) nanonetwork was synthesized through a one-step Mannich condensation reaction using formaldehyde as a linking agent. The resulting p(HT-co-l) nanogels had an average size of about 200 nm and exhibited a smooth surface and desirable functional groups such as -OH, -NH2, and -COOH, as recognized by FT-IR analysis. The isoelectric point (IEP) of the p(HT-co-l) nanogel was determined as pH 7.9, close to physiological environments, despite HT being acidic IEP at pH 1.7 and l-lysine being basic IPE at pH 8.7. The time-dependent swelling studies of p(HT-co-l) nanogels were carried out using dynamic light scattering (DLS) in different salt solutions, e.g., MgCl2, KNO3, KCl, PBS, and DI water environments revealed that nanogels have high swelling ability depending on the medium, e.g., &gt;10-fold in a saline solution compared to distilled water within 1.5 h. Hydrolytic degradation studies in PBS demonstrated a linear release profile up to 125 h at 37.5 \u00b0C. The p(HT-co-l) nanogels also demonstrated significant antimicrobial and antifungal activities against E. coli (ATCC 8739), S. aureus (ATCC 6538), and C. albicans (ATCC 10231). Furthermore, biocompatibility tests indicated that p(HT-co-l) nanogels are more biocompatible than HT alone, as tested with human Nuli-1 bronchial epithelial cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26010138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T04:30:58Z","timestamp":1735273858000},"page":"138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Natural Molecule-Derived Nanogels from Hematoxylin and l-lysine for Biomedical Use with Antimicrobial Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8666-7954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehtap","family":"Sahiner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Engineering Faculty, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Terzioglu, Terzioglu Campus, 17100 Canakkale, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6976-3960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diane","family":"Allen-Gipson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"},{"name":"Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8390-3912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aydin K.","family":"Sunol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0120-530X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurettin","family":"Sahiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Terzioglu Campus, 17100 Canakkale, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC21, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, U.A. Whitaker College of Engineering, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL 33965, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drachneris, J., Morkunas, M., Fabijonavicius, M., Cekauskas, A., Jankevicius, F., and Laurinavicius, A. (2024). Prediction of Non-Muscle Invasive Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma Relapse from Hematoxylin\u2013Eosin Images Using Deep Multiple Instance Learning in Patients Treated with Bacille Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin Immunotherapy. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12020360"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shovon, M.S.H., Islam, M.J., Nabil, M.N.A.K., Molla, M.M., Jony, A.I., and Mridha, M.F. (2022). 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