{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:06:28Z","timestamp":1792119988447,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,28]],"date-time":"2024-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"DFG to APB","award":["HE3544\/5-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HE3544\/5-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To date, very little is known about how apoptosis and autophagy affect human endometrial stromal cells (ESCs), particularly how these processes might determine the depth of implantation in humans. Before investigating how apoptosis and autophagy might modulate the implantation process in an infertile population, it is necessary to clarify how these processes are regulated in healthy individuals. This study examined the protein expression related to apoptosis and autophagy in primary ESCs from fertile women, particularly in the context of decidualization and embryo contact, using Western blot analysis. This study evaluated the protein expression of apoptosis receptors and autophagy markers during the window of implantation. Previous research has shown that a syndecan 1 (Sdc1) knockdown (kd) in endometrial stromal cell lines increased the sensitivity to apoptosis induced by embryonic stimuli. We aimed to determine if this effect is also present in primary cells and if Sdc1 regulates autophagy. The expression of autophagy- and apoptosis-associated proteins in primary ESCs from fertile individuals was investigated in this preliminary study, along with their impact on the process of human embryo implantation. During decidualization and exposure to embryo contact, we observed an upregulation of apoptosis- and autophagy-related proteins in ESCs. Decidualized ESCs exhibited higher levels of apoptosis receptors, indicating increased sensitivity to embryo-induced apoptosis. Additionally, the increase in basal autophagy proteins suggests a significant role in the implantation process. Sdc1 is potentially involved in regulating apoptosis and autophagy, demonstrating its possible role in modulating implantation-related cell activities. These findings suggest a complex interplay between apoptosis and autophagy in regulating human embryo implantation. The changes in the expression of apoptotic and autophagic proteins in ESCs after decidualization and upon contact with the embryo provide new insights into the cellular mechanisms that underlie successful implantation. These results have potential implications for understanding the pathophysiology of implantation disorders and improving assisted reproductive technologies. The first results of this pilot study need to be verified with a larger sample size in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26010175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T07:34:19Z","timestamp":1735630459000},"page":"175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Dead or Alive: Exploratory Analysis of Selected Apoptosis- and Autophagy-Related Proteins in Human Endometrial Stromal Cells of Fertile Females and Their Potential Role During Embryo Implantation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4748-5276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwona","family":"Scheliga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of OB\/GYN and REI (UniKiD), Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, 40255 Duesseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4934-1351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dunja M.","family":"Baston-Buest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of OB\/GYN and REI (UniKiD), Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, 40255 Duesseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Djamila","family":"Haramustek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of OB\/GYN and REI (UniKiD), Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, 40255 Duesseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Knebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of OB\/GYN and REI (UniKiD), Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, 40255 Duesseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6862-2143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan-Steffen","family":"Kruessel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of OB\/GYN and REI (UniKiD), Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, 40255 Duesseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5260-1292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra P.","family":"Bielfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of OB\/GYN and REI (UniKiD), Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, 40255 Duesseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev201507","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.201507","article-title":"Human embryo implantation","volume":"150","author":"Muter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2014-1045","article-title":"Cyclic decidualization of the human endometrium in reproductive health and failure","volume":"35","author":"Gellersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr. 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