{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T21:58:39Z","timestamp":1789595919938,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,29]],"date-time":"2024-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Gdansk","award":["71-01415"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71-01415"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease with complex pathogenesis, is characterized by an immune imbalance reflected, e.g., in the disturbed cytokines\u2019 profile. Various viruses and bacteria can cause the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines influencing RA development. In particular, oral cavity dysbiosis, observed in multiple chronic diseases including periodontitis, may be linked to RA. The cytokine profile (IL-1\u03b2, IP-10, IL-29, GM-CSF, IFN-\u03b12, IFN-\u03b2, TGF-\u03b21, MPC-1, TNF-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b3, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-12p70, IL-2, and IL-4) of RA patients\u2019 saliva was evaluated using flow cytometry and benchmarked with their levels in saliva of healthy controls and patients with other rheumatic diseases. The levels of IL-1\u03b2, IP-10, IL-2, and IL-4 were significantly elevated in RA patients\u2019 saliva compared to other studied groups. To define the potential role of the most suspicious microbial agents (Epstein\u2013Barr Virus (EBV), Cytomegalovirus, Parvovirus B19, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Segatella copri) for RA pathogenesis, the amounts of their DNA in the saliva of patients with RA were assessed in all the groups mentioned above. The EBV and P. gingivalis DNA levels measured by qRT-PCR were significantly higher in RA patients\u2019 saliva than in other groups, indicating either the important role of these agents in RA pathogenesis or the higher susceptibility of RA patients for those infectious factors. The comprehension of the association of specific cytokine profiles in RA and the occurrence of specific viral and\/or bacterial infections can be a key to a better understanding of RA pathogenesis. These results illustrate the complexity of the immunological profile of RA, show the high diagnostic potential of saliva, and provide insight into how various infections can contribute to RA development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26010197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T07:34:19Z","timestamp":1735630459000},"page":"197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Differences in Salivary Cytokinome and Pathogen Load Between Rheumatoid Arthritis and Other Rheumatic Disease Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5873-4678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Korzeniowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1485-3090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Daca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Szarecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pomeranian Rheumatology Center, 81-759 Sopot, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Bykowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pomeranian Rheumatology Center, 81-759 Sopot, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2906-1109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Witkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1410-4287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Bryl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2023.105556","article-title":"Predicting the Onset of Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"90","author":"Gilbert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Jt. 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