{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T11:40:57Z","timestamp":1784115657239,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Quantum Computing through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT","award":["RS-2023-00257288"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00257288"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy (MOTIE), the Republic of Korea, under the project \u201cIndustrial Technology Infrastructure Program\u201d","award":["RS-2024-00466693"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00466693"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding drug-target interactions is crucial for identifying novel lead compounds, enhancing efficacy, and reducing toxicity. Phenotype-based approaches, like analyzing drug-induced gene expression changes, have shown effectiveness in drug discovery and precision medicine. However, experimentally determining gene expression for all relevant chemicals is impractical, limiting large-scale gene expression-based screening. In this study, we developed DIGERA (Drug-Induced Gene Expression Ranking Analysis), a Lasso-based ensemble framework utilizing LINCS L1000 data to predict drug-induced gene expression rankings. We created novel numerical features for chemicals, cell lines, and experimental conditions, allowing the prediction of gene expression rankings across eight key cell lines. DIGERA outperformed baseline models in the F1@K metric, demonstrating improved precision in gene expression ranking. We also combined DIGERA with an iterative fine-tuning process for de novo design, suggesting 10 PARP1 inhibitors with favorable predicted properties like binding affinity, synthetic accessibility, solubility, membrane permeability, drug-likeness, and similar gene expression ranking to olaparib. Notably, nine compounds were novel, and six analogs of these compounds had references linked to PARP1 inhibition. These results underscore DIGERA\u2019s potential to boost model performance and robustness through novel features and ensemble learning, aiding virtual screening for new PARP1 inhibitors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26010224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T07:51:57Z","timestamp":1735631517000},"page":"224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development of Drug-Induced Gene Expression Ranking Analysis (DIGERA) and Its Application to Virtual Screening for Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1 Inhibitor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Hyein","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Integrative Biotechnology & Translational Medicine, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3187-8193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyoung Tai","family":"No","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Integrative Biotechnology & Translational Medicine, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Bioinformatics and Molecular Design Research Center (BMDRC), Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Baobab AiBIO Co., Ltd., Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4678-8062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hocheol","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics and Molecular Design Research Center (BMDRC), Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sachdev, K., and Gupta, M.K. 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