{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:20:31Z","timestamp":1792804831682,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Omega-3 (\u03c9-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish oil have been shown to prevent diet-induced obesity in lean mice and to promote heat production in adipose tissue. However, the effects of fish oil on obese animals remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of fish oil in obese mice. C57BL\/6J mice were fed a lard-based high-fat diet (LD) for 8 weeks and then assigned to either a fish oil-based high-fat diet (FOD) or continued the LD for additional 8 weeks. A control group was fed a standard diet for 16 weeks. Mice fed the FOD showed weight loss, reduced adipose tissue mass, and lower plasma insulin and leptin levels compared to those fed the LD. Rectal temperatures were higher in the FOD and LD groups compared to the control group. Energy intake was lower in the FOD group than the LD group but similar to the control group. The FOD and LD groups exhibited increased expression of heat-producing genes such as Ppargc1a, Ucp1, Adrb3, and Ppara in brown adipose tissue but not in white adipose tissue. The FOD reduced food consumption and increased rectal temperature and heat-producing genes in brown adipose tissue. Fish oil may therefore be a potential therapeutic approach to obesity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26010302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T12:37:19Z","timestamp":1735648639000},"page":"302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Anti-Obesity Effect of Fish Oil in Diet-Induced Obese Mice Occurs via Both Decreased Food Intake and the Induction of Heat Production Genes in Brown but Not White Adipose Tissue"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7315-4199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takahiko","family":"Obo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Endocrine Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Hashiguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Endocrine Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eriko","family":"Matsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeru","family":"Kawade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Endocrine Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuma","family":"Ogiso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Endocrine Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2698-3522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haruki","family":"Iwai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Ataka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, Kagoshima Immaculate Heart University, Kagoshima 895-0011, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4726-5666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osamu","family":"Yasuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports and Life Sciences, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya 891-2311, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3517-6828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aiko","family":"Arimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Endocrine Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4769-2193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takahisa","family":"Deguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Endocrine Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2420-3817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katsutaro","family":"Morino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Endocrine Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihiro","family":"Asakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiko","family":"Nishio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Endocrine Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1614362","article-title":"Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years","volume":"377","author":"Afshin","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Global Obesity Observatory (2024, November 22). World Obesity Atlas 2024. Available online: https:\/\/data.worldobesity.org\/publications\/?cat=22."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, S., Jin, J., Fang, W., and Su, Q. (2015). Does Fish Oil Have an Anti-Obesity Effect in Overweight\/Obese Adults? A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142652"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.3390\/nu2121212","article-title":"Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may be beneficial for reducing obesity-a review","volume":"2","author":"Buckley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antraco, V.J., Hirata, B.K.S., de Jesus Sim\u00e3o, J., Cruz, M.M., da Silva, V.S., da Cunha de S\u00e1, R.D.C., Abdala, F.M., Armelin-Correa, L., and Alonso-Vale, M.I.C. (2021). Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Prevent Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) and Stimulate Adipogenesis. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020622"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M., Goto, T., Yu, R., Uchida, K., Tominaga, M., Kano, Y., Takahashi, N., and Kawada, T. (2015). Fish oil intake induces UCP1 upregulation in brown and white adipose tissue via the sympathetic nervous system. Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18013"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamazaki, T., Li, D., and Ikaga, R. (2021). Fish Oil Increases Diet-Induced Thermogenesis in Mice. Mar. Drugs, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/md19050278"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.028","article-title":"A fish oil diet induces mitochondrial uncoupling and mitochondrial unfolded protein response in epididymal white adipose tissue of mice","volume":"108","author":"Bhaskaran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"E351","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids recruit brown adipose tissue: Increased UCP content and NST capacity","volume":"269","author":"Sadurskis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1190816","article-title":"Medicine. Beige can be slimming","volume":"328","author":"Ishibashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07182","article-title":"PRDM16 controls a brown fat\/skeletal muscle switch","volume":"454","author":"Seale","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.05.016","article-title":"Beige adipocytes are a distinct type of thermogenic fat cell in mouse and human","volume":"150","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-0834-0","article-title":"Mice fed fish oil diet and upregulation of brown adipose tissue thermogenic markers","volume":"55","author":"Bargut","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"88","article-title":"Fish oil as a potential activator of brown and beige fat thermogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Lund","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adipocyte"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-0684-9","article-title":"High-fat food biases hypothalamic and mesolimbic expression of consummatory drives","volume":"23","author":"Mazzone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113470","article-title":"Long-term high fat diet consumption reversibly alters feeding behavior via a dopamine-associated mechanism in mice","volume":"414","author":"Altherr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-024-00987-z","article-title":"Reciprocal activity of AgRP and POMC neurons governs coordinated control of feeding and metabolism","volume":"6","author":"Radermacher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1352","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00230.2001","article-title":"Effects of dietary fat types on body fatness, leptin, and ARC leptin receptor, NPY, and AgRP mRNA expression","volume":"282","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2004.00312.x","article-title":"Role of fat amount and type in ameliorating diet-induced obesity: Insights at the level of hypothalamic arcuate nucleus leptin receptor, neuropeptide Y and pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA expression","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.303","article-title":"Leptin infusion and obesity in mouse cause alterations in the hypothalamic melanocortin system","volume":"16","author":"Gout","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsuzaka, H., Matsuyama, H., Tanaka, W., Tajiri, H., and Sakakibara, H. (2022). Selective Consumption of Fish Oil at End of the Day Increases the Physiological Fatty Acid Compositions of Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid in Mice. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27041271"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12189","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2336-11.2011","article-title":"Leptin action in the dorsomedial hypothalamus increases sympathetic tone to brown adipose tissue in spite of systemic leptin resistance","volume":"31","author":"Enriori","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Izquierdo, A.G., Crujeiras, A.B., Casanueva, F.F., and Carreira, M.C. (2019). Leptin, Obesity, and Leptin Resistance: Where Are We 25 Years Later?. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112704"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.10.058","article-title":"Leptin mediates the increase in blood pressure associated with obesity","volume":"159","author":"Simonds","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, G., Sun, Q., and Liu, C. (2016). Influencing Factors of Thermogenic Adipose Tissue Activity. Front. Physiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00029"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.06.001","article-title":"Transcriptional control of brown fat determination by PRDM16","volume":"6","author":"Seale","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07221","article-title":"New role of bone morphogenetic protein 7 in brown adipogenesis and energy expenditure","volume":"454","author":"Tseng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43112","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.252775","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b1 (PPAR\u03b1) induces PPAR\u03b3 coactivator 1\u03b1 (PGC-1\u03b1) gene expression and contributes to thermogenic activation of brown fat: Involvement of PRDM16","volume":"286","author":"Hondares","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oehler, D., Spychala, A., G\u00f6decke, A., Lang, A., Gerdes, N., Ruas, J., Kelm, M., Szendroedi, J., and Westenfeld, R. (2022). Full-length transcriptomic analysis in murine and human heart reveals diversity of PGC-1\u03b1 promoters and isoforms regulated distinctly in myocardial ischemia and obesity. BMC Biol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-022-01360-w"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1076","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.90408.2008","article-title":"Time course of high-fat diet-induced reductions in adipose tissue mitochondrial proteins: Potential mechanisms and the relationship to glucose intolerance","volume":"295","author":"Sutherland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chae, Y.N., Kim, T.H., Kim, M.K., Shin, C.Y., Jung, I.H., Sohn, Y.S., and Son, M.H. (2015). Beneficial Effects of Evogliptin, a Novel Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitor, on Adiposity with Increased Ppargc1a in White Adipose Tissue in Obese Mice. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144064"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001-9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2012.05.016","article-title":"Altered adipocyte progenitor population and adipose-related gene profile in adipose tissue by long-term high-fat diet in mice","volume":"90","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01452","article-title":"Female Mice Have Higher Angiogenesis in Perigonadal Adipose Tissue Than Males in Response to High-Fat Diet","volume":"9","author":"Rudnicki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Annunziata, C., Pirozzi, C., Lama, A., Senzacqua, M., Comella, F., Bordin, A., Monnolo, A., Pelagalli, A., Ferrante, M.C., and Mollica, M.P. (2022). Palmitoylethanolamide Promotes White-to-Beige Conversion and Metabolic Reprogramming of Adipocytes: Contribution of PPAR-\u03b1. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14020338"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00015.2003","article-title":"Brown adipose tissue: Function and physiological significance","volume":"84","author":"Cannon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12553","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1006962107","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor 21 regulates energy metabolism by activating the AMPK-SIRT1-PGC-1alpha pathway","volume":"107","author":"Chau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.177857.111","article-title":"FGF21 regulates PGC-1\u03b1 and browning of white adipose tissues in adaptive thermogenesis","volume":"26","author":"Fisher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genes. Dev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12983","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.215889","article-title":"Thermogenic activation induces FGF21 expression and release in brown adipose tissue","volume":"286","author":"Hondares","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2011.00075","article-title":"Brown adipose tissue responds to cold and adrenergic stimulation by induction of FGF21","volume":"17","author":"Chartoumpekis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Mahri, S., Malik, S.S., Al Ibrahim, M., Haji, E., Dairi, G., and Mohammad, S. (2022). Free Fatty Acid Receptors (FFARs) in Adipose: Physiological Role and Therapeutic Outlook. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11040750"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13479","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13479","article-title":"The lipid sensor GPR120 promotes brown fat activation and FGF21 release from adipocytes","volume":"7","author":"Cereijo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4057","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0595","article-title":"Circulating FGF21 is liver derived and enhances glucose uptake during refeeding and overfeeding","volume":"63","author":"Markan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4781(00)00067-1","article-title":"Identification of a novel FGF, FGF-21, preferentially expressed in the liver","volume":"1492","author":"Nishimura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071816-064800","article-title":"Fibroblast Growth Factor 21: A Versatile Regulator of Metabolic Homeostasis","volume":"38","author":"BonDurant","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20200220","article-title":"The autocrine role of FGF21 in cultured adipocytes","volume":"477","author":"Justesen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.76","article-title":"Opposite alterations in FGF21 and FGF19 levels and disturbed expression of the receptor machinery for endocrine FGFs in obese patients","volume":"39","author":"Catalan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1900358","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201900358","article-title":"Maresin 1 Regulates Hepatic FGF21 in Diet-Induced Obese Mice and in Cultured Hepatocytes","volume":"63","author":"Laiglesia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0193","article-title":"Obesity is a fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21)-resistant state","volume":"59","author":"Fisher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2758","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-0672","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in human cerebrospinal fluid: Relationship with plasma FGF21 and body adiposity","volume":"60","author":"Tan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601075","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201601075","article-title":"N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids increase hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 sensitivity via a PPAR-\u03b3-\u03b2-klotho pathway","volume":"61","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.125","article-title":"Age-related decrease in cold-activated brown adipose tissue and accumulation of body fat in healthy humans","volume":"19","author":"Yoneshiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-016-0755-5","article-title":"Efficacy of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Supplementation in Managing Overweight and Obesity: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2018.03.001","article-title":"Omega-3 supplementation effects on body weight and depression among dieter women with co-morbidity of depression and obesity compared with the placebo: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"25","author":"Keshavarz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803643","article-title":"Randomized trial of weight-loss-diets for young adults varying in fish and fish oil content","volume":"31","author":"Thorsdottir","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, W.Y., Choe, S.K., Park, J., and Um, J.Y. (2019). Black Raspberry (Rubus coreanus Miquel) Promotes Browning of Preadipocytes and Inguinal White Adipose Tissue in Cold-Induced Mice. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092164"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/1\/302\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:58:16Z","timestamp":1760115496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/1\/302"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26010302"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26010302","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]]}}}