{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:05:05Z","timestamp":1790813105444,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Association Belge contre les Maladies neuroMusculaires (ABMM)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The most severe form of muscular dystrophy (MD), known as Duchenne MD (DMD), remains an incurable disease, hence the ongoing efforts to develop supportive therapies. The dysregulation of autophagy, a degradative yet protective mechanism activated when tissues are under severe and prolonged stress, is critically involved in DMD. Treatments that harness autophagic capacities therefore represent a promising therapeutic approach. Osmolytes are protective organic molecules that regulate osmotic pressure and cellular homeostasis and may support tissue-repairing autophagy. We therefore explored the effects of the osmolyte ectoine in the standard mouse model of DMD, the mdx, focusing on the autophagy-related proteome. Mice were treated with ectoine in their drinking water (150 mg\/kg) or through daily intraperitoneal injection (177 mg\/kg) until they were 5.5 weeks old. Hind limb muscles were dissected, and samples were prepared for Western blotting for protein quantification and for immunofluorescence for an evaluation of tissue distribution. We report changes in the protein levels of autophagy-related 5 (ATG5), Ser366-phosphorylated sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), activated microtubule-associated protein 1A\/1B-light chain 3 (LC3 II) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Most importantly, ectoine significantly improved the balance between LC3 II and SQSTM1 levels in mdx gastrocnemius muscle, and LC3 II immunostaining was most pronounced in muscle fibers of the tibialis anterior from treated mdx. These findings lend support for the further investigation of ectoine as a potential therapeutic intervention for DMD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26020439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T03:38:41Z","timestamp":1736221121000},"page":"439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Changes to the Autophagy-Related Muscle Proteome Following Short-Term Treatment with Ectoine in the Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Mouse Model mdx"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Eul\u00e0lia","family":"G\u00f3mez Armengol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Reference Center and Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Merckx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Reference Center and Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanne","family":"De Sutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Reference Center and Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1328-1812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan L.","family":"De Bleecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Reference Center and Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9403-4401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boel","family":"De Paepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Reference Center and Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2015-103387","article-title":"The importance of genetic diagnosis for Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"53","author":"Ginjaar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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