{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T18:07:18Z","timestamp":1787940438548,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32060797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32060797"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023TSYCCY0034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TSYCCY0034"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["xjnkywdzc-2024003-51"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["xjnkywdzc-2024003-51"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2024D01E12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024D01E12"]}]},{"name":"Tianshan Talent Training Program","award":["32060797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32060797"]}]},{"name":"Tianshan Talent Training Program","award":["2023TSYCCY0034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TSYCCY0034"]}]},{"name":"Tianshan Talent Training Program","award":["xjnkywdzc-2024003-51"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["xjnkywdzc-2024003-51"]}]},{"name":"Tianshan Talent Training Program","award":["2024D01E12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024D01E12"]}]},{"name":"Project of Fund for Stable Support to Agricultural Sci-Tech Renovation","award":["32060797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32060797"]}]},{"name":"Project of Fund for Stable Support to Agricultural Sci-Tech Renovation","award":["2023TSYCCY0034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TSYCCY0034"]}]},{"name":"Project of Fund for Stable Support to Agricultural Sci-Tech Renovation","award":["xjnkywdzc-2024003-51"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["xjnkywdzc-2024003-51"]}]},{"name":"Project of Fund for Stable Support to Agricultural Sci-Tech Renovation","award":["2024D01E12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024D01E12"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Outstanding Youth Fund","award":["32060797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32060797"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Outstanding Youth Fund","award":["2023TSYCCY0034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TSYCCY0034"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Outstanding Youth Fund","award":["xjnkywdzc-2024003-51"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["xjnkywdzc-2024003-51"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Outstanding Youth Fund","award":["2024D01E12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024D01E12"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Escherichia coli is a common cause of mastitis in dairy cows, which results in large economic losses to the livestock industry. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of E. coli in raw milk in China, assess antimicrobial drug susceptibility, and identify key antibiotic resistance genes carried by the isolates. In total, 350 raw milk samples were collected from large-scale farms in 16 provinces and cities in six regions of China to assess the resistance of E. coli isolates to 14 antimicrobial drugs. Among the isolates, nine resistance genes were detected. Of 81 E. coli isolates (23.1%) from 350 raw milk samples, 27 (33.3%) were multidrug resistant. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that the 81 E. coli isolates were resistant to 13 (92.9%) of the 14 antibiotics, but not meropenem. The resistance gene blaTEM was highly distributed among the 27 multidrug-resistant isolates with a detection rate of 92.6%. All isolates carried at least one resistance gene, and 19 patterns of resistance gene combinations with different numbers of genes were identified. The most common gene combinations were the one-gene pattern blaTEM and the three-gene pattern blaTEM-blaPSE-blaOXA. The isolation rate of E. coli in raw milk and the identified resistance genes provide a theoretical basis for the rational use of antibiotics by clinical veterinarians.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26020454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T07:40:13Z","timestamp":1736322013000},"page":"454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prevalent and Drug-Resistant Phenotypes and Genotypes of Escherichia coli Isolated from Healthy Cow\u2019s Milk of Large-Scale Dairy Farms in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jiaojiao","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs-Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Meat and Milk Herbivore Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science Xinjiang Agriculture University, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yating","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs-Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianlan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs-Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Meat and Milk Herbivore Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science Xinjiang Agriculture University, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs-Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Meat and Milk Herbivore Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science Xinjiang Agriculture University, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aliya","family":"Tuerdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs-Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Meat and Milk Herbivore Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science Xinjiang Agriculture University, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Meat and Milk Herbivore Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science Xinjiang Agriculture University, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yankun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs-Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Meat and Milk Herbivore Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science Xinjiang Agriculture University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murashko, O.N., Yeh, K.-H., Yu, C.-H.A., Kaberdin, V.R., and Lin-Chao, S. (2023). Sodium Fluoride Exposure Leads to ATP Depletion and Altered RNA Decay in Escherichia coli under Anaerobic Conditions. Microbiol. Spectr., 11.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04158-22"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4645","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S365269","article-title":"Review of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Prevalence, Pathogenicity, Heavy Metal and Antimicrobial Resistance, African Perspective","volume":"15","author":"Gambushe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.30802\/AALAS-CM-20-000054","article-title":"A one health perspective for defining and deciphering Escherichia coli pathogenic potential in multiple hosts","volume":"71","author":"Fox","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comp. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang, S.-B., Chelliah, R., Kang, J.E., Rubab, M., Banan-MwineDaliri, E., Elahi, F., and Oh, D.-H. (2021). Role of Recent Therapeutic Applications and the Infection Strategies of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.614963"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.15407\/animbiol23.01.044","article-title":"Research progress on the dairy cow mastitis","volume":"23","author":"Ping","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves, T.d.S., Rosa, V.S., Leite, D.d.S., Guerra, S.T., Joaquim, S.F., Guimar\u00e3es, F.F., Pantoja, J.C.d.F., Lucheis, S.B., Rall, V.L.M., and Hernandes, R.T. (2023). Genome-Based Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from Clinical Bovine Mastitis. Curr. Microbiol., 80.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-023-03191-6"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2016.06.011","article-title":"Genetic diversity, the virulence gene profile and antimicrobial resistance of clinical mastitis-associated Escherichia coli","volume":"167","author":"Keane","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.2478\/jvetres-2022-0055","article-title":"Analysis of antimicrobial resistance and genetic correlations of Escherichia coli in dairy cow mastitis","volume":"66","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Veter. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.21084","article-title":"Molecular characteristics of Escherichia coli from bulk tank milk in Korea","volume":"23","author":"Yoon","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Veter. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2003023","article-title":"Severity of E. coli mastitis is mainly determined by cow factors","volume":"34","author":"Burvenich","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"51","article-title":"Raw milk as a reservoir of antibiotic resistant enteropathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"21","author":"Sunil","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Indian Vet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4684","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00698-13","article-title":"Evidence for Coexistence of Distinct Escherichia coli Populations in Various Aquatic Environments and Their Survival in Estuary Water","volume":"79","author":"Berthe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.134372","article-title":"Occurrence of E. coli and antibiotic-resistant E. coli in the southern watershed of Lake Biwa, including in wastewater treatment plant effluent and inflow rivers","volume":"301","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.10.024","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of udder pathogens from cases of acute clinical mastitis in dairy cows","volume":"136","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Veter. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.2.175-188.2003","article-title":"Antimicrobial Growth Promoters Used in Animal Feed: Effects of Less Well Known Antibiotics on Gram-Positive Bacteria","volume":"16","author":"Butaye","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2013.02.009","article-title":"Intrinsic antibiotic resistance: Mechanisms, origins, challenges and solutions","volume":"303","author":"Cox","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Med Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, X., Zhao, H., Zhou, Z., Miao, Y., Li, R., Yang, B., Cao, C., Xiao, S., Wang, X., and Liu, H. (2022). Characterization of Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates That Cause Diarrhea in Sheep in Northwest China. Microbiol. Spectr., 10.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01595-22"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"697","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance of Tannin Extract against E. coli Isolates from Sheep","volume":"77","author":"Abdulkareem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Razi Inst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mwasinga, W., Shawa, M., Katemangwe, P., Chambaro, H., Mpundu, P., M\u2019kandawire, E., Mumba, C., and Munyeme, M. (2023). Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli from Raw Cow Milk in Namwala District, Zambia: Public Health Implications. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12091421"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.33785\/IJDS.2020.v73i05.007","article-title":"Antibacterial sensitivity of Escherichia coli isolated from milk and milk products in Jabalpur, MP, India","volume":"73","author":"Tripathi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dlac016","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlac016","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance: Calling time on the \u2018silent pandemic\u2019","volume":"4","author":"Mendelson","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAC Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.02.021","article-title":"A parallel and silent emerging pandemic: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) amid COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"16","author":"Rehman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Heal."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9560","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11625","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility, virulence genes, and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of Staphylococcus aureus recovered from bovine mastitis in Ningxia, China","volume":"99","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcmas.2022.1104.037","article-title":"Prevalence of Escherichia coli in Raw Cow\u2019s Milk in Cuddalore District","volume":"11","author":"Beher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"e01469","article-title":"Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 isolated from marketed raw cow milk in Kwara State, Nigeria","volume":"19","author":"Odetokun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Afr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarba, E.J., Wirtu, W., Gebremedhin, E.Z., Borena, B.M., and Marami, L.M. (2023). Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Escherichia coli and Escherichia coli O157 isolated from cow milk and milk products, Ethiopia. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43043-8"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.21608\/scvmj.2017.62161","article-title":"Escherichia Coli Isolated from Raw Milk at North Sinai Governorate","volume":"22","author":"Khafagy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Suez Canal Veter. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imre, K., Ban-Cucerzan, A., Herman, V., Sallam, K.I., Cristina, R.T., Abd-Elghany, S.M., Morar, D., Popa, S.A., Imre, M., and Morar, A. (2022). Occurrence, Pathogenic Potential and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Raw Milk Cheese Commercialized in Banat Region, Romania. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11060721"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H., Meng, L., Dong, L., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., and Zheng, N. (2021). Prevalence, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Molecular Characterization of Escherichia coli Isolated from Raw Milk in Dairy Herds in Northern China. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.730656"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goulart, D.B., and Mellata, M. (2022). Escherichia coli Mastitis in Dairy Cattle: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Challenges. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.928346"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.59122\/13462RW","article-title":"Prevalence and Potential Risk Factors of Bovine Clinical Mastitis in Bonke District, Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia","volume":"6","author":"Asfaw","year":"2023","journal-title":"OMO Int. J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.24099\/vet.arhiv.1814","article-title":"Phenotypic and genotypic investigation of antimicrobial resistance and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production among Escherichia coli isolated from bovine mastitis","volume":"93","author":"Aflakian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Arh."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, K., Feng, H., Zhang, J., Guo, Z., Yan, Z., Wang, G., Wang, X., Wang, L., and Li, J. (2024). Prevalence and molecular characterization of extended-spectrum \u03b2\u2013lactamase\u2014Producing Escherichia coli isolates from dairy cattle with endometritis in Gansu Province, China. BMC Vet. Res., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-023-03868-x"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Liu, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z., Lei, L., and Xia, Z. (2019). Increasing Prevalence of ESBL-Producing Multidrug Resistance Escherichia coli From Diseased Pets in Beijing, China From 2012 to 2017. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02852"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2022.2021-2028","article-title":"Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli isolated from raw milk in East Java, Indonesia","volume":"15","author":"Tyasningsih","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2023.1333-1339","article-title":"Molecular characterization and antibiotic resistance profile of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli isolated from healthy cow raw milk in smallholder dairy farms in Bangladesh","volume":"16","author":"Nahar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4294","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11631","article-title":"Short communication: Microbiological quality of raw cow milk and its association with herd management practices in Northern China","volume":"100","author":"Lan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gelalcha, B.D., Mohammed, R.I., Gelgie, A.E., and Dego, O.K. (2023). Molecular epidemiology and pathogenomics of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing- Escherichia coli and-Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from bulk tank milk in Tennessee, USA. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1283165"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5251197","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5251197","article-title":"Prevalence and Antibiogram of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp. Isolated from Cattle Milk Products Sold in Juja Sub-County, Kenya","volume":"2022","author":"Sombie","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2016.09.014","article-title":"Occurrence, genotyping, shiga toxin genes and associated risk factors of E. coli isolated from dairy farms, handlers and milk consumers","volume":"217","author":"Awadallah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2020.1813687","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: More than 70 years of war between humans and bacteria","volume":"46","author":"Nadeem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, C.-L., Che, R.-X., Wu, T., Qu, Q.-W., Chen, M., Zheng, S.-D., Cai, X.-H., Wang, G., and Li, Y.-H. (2023). New Characterization of Multi-Drug Resistance of Streptococcus suis and Biofilm Formation from Swine in Heilongjiang Province of China. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12010132"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrahim, D.R., Dodd, C.E.R., Stekel, D.J., Meshioye, R.T., Diggle, M., Lister, M., and Hobman, J.L. (2023). Multidrug-Resistant ESBL-Producing E. coli in Clinical Samples from the UK. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12010169"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rana, S., Fahim, F.J., Das, R., Abdullah, K.S., Islam, S.S., Mahim, N.J., Sultana, N., Uddin, M.N., Islam, M.R., and Ahmad, S. (2024). High prevalence of multidrug-resistant extended spectrum beta lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in raw milk in Bangladesh. Microbes Infect. Dis.","DOI":"10.21608\/mid.2024.258318.1735"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2022.105406","article-title":"Phenotypic and genotypic determination of \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from raw milk and clinical mastitis samples, Mashhad, Iran","volume":"133","author":"Saei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.2014.848853","article-title":"Combating multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections","volume":"23","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1080\/09540105.2020.1736009","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility, phylotypes, and virulence genes of Escherichia coli from clinical bovine mastitis in five provinces of China","volume":"31","author":"Lan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Agric. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.06.099","article-title":"Virulence determinants and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli isolated from bovine clinical mastitis in some selected dairy farms of Bangladesh","volume":"28","author":"Bag","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eldesoukey, I.E., Elmonir, W., Alouffi, A., Beleta, E.I.M., Kelany, M.A., Elnahriry, S.S., Alghonaim, M.I., Alzeyadi, Z.A., and Elaadli, H. (2022). Multidrug-Resistant Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Diarrhoeic Calves, Milk, and Workers in Dairy Farms: A Potential Public Health Risk. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11080999"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70041-0","article-title":"Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: An emerging public-health concern","volume":"8","author":"Pitout","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.12.016","article-title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial-resistance phenotypes and genotypes of Escherichia coli isolated from raw milk samples from mastitis cases in four regions of China","volume":"22","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7018","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-20025","article-title":"Effect of therapeutic administration of \u03b2-lactam antibiotics on the bacterial community and antibiotic resistance patterns in milk","volume":"104","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5560","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01511-15","article-title":"Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance and Transfer of Tetracycline Resistance Genes in Escherichia coli Isolates from Beef Cattle","volume":"81","author":"Shin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(92)90597-I","article-title":"Complete nucleotide sequence of Tn1721: Gene organization and a novel gene product with features of a chemotaxis protein","volume":"111","author":"Allmeier","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2970","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.10.2970-2972.2000","article-title":"Complete Nucleotide Sequence of Tn10","volume":"182","author":"Chalmers","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-17-277","article-title":"Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from Raw Milk and Raw Milk Cheese in Egypt","volume":"81","author":"Ombarak","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652014000400012","article-title":"Antimicrobial drug resistance in strains of Escherichia coli isolated from food sources","volume":"56","author":"Rasheed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.ARBA-0026-2017","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli","volume":"6","author":"Poirel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-72.5.1082","article-title":"Detection of Multiple-Antimicrobial Resistance and Characterization of the Implicated Genes in Escherichia coli Isolates from Foods of Animal Origin in Tunis","volume":"72","author":"Jouini","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"3959","article-title":"Mechanisms of Resistance in Multiple-Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli Strains of Human, Animal, and Food Origins","volume":"48","author":"Ruiz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/2\/454\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:24:35Z","timestamp":1759919075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/2\/454"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26020454"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26020454","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]}}}