{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:54:35Z","timestamp":1791946475385,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"INIFAP Proyectos Fiscales","award":["11481036208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11481036208"]}]},{"name":"INIFAP Proyectos Fiscales","award":["A1-S-43508."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A1-S-43508."]}]},{"name":"CONAHCYT","award":["11481036208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11481036208"]}]},{"name":"CONAHCYT","award":["A1-S-43508."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A1-S-43508."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>RNA-seq technology has been widely used for the characterization of the transcriptome profile induced by several diseases in both humans and animals. In the present study, RNA-seq was used to identify the differential expression of genes associated with the immune response in cattle infected with two different strains of Babesia bigemina, both derived from the same Mexican field isolate, which exhibit distinct phenotypic characteristics: the virulent strain, capable of producing acute clinical signs, and the attenuated strain, capable of stimulating a protective immune response when used as an immunogen with an efficacy greater than 80%. The differential gene expression analysis performed revealed a total of 620 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). However, the intersection of the edgeR and DESeq2 programs used in the bioinformatics analysis only identified 247 DEGs, of which 108 genes were enriched to be closely correlated with the bovine immune response based on gene ontology terms; most of the DEGs obtained encode proteins associated with the major histocompatibility complex, immunoglobulins, and T-cell surface receptors. The infection caused by the attenuated strain induced higher transcription of immune response genes compared to the infection caused by the virulent strain; nonetheless, in both infections, a greater down-regulation than up-regulation was observed. Different immunoglobulin-associated genes were found to be up-regulated in the group inoculated with the attenuated strain, whereas these were down-regulated in the virulent strain-inoculated group. In addition, an up-regulation of the HSPA6, CD163, and SLC11a1 genes was observed in the group inoculated with the virulent strain, previously reported in other Apicomplexan infections. The findings provide relevant information that could contribute to clarifying the immune response associated with an acute bovine babesiosis infection by B. bigemina.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26020487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T11:56:22Z","timestamp":1736337382000},"page":"487","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Immune Response Genes Induced by a Virulent or Attenuated Strain of Babesia bigemina"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5795-5567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grecia","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agr\u00edcolas y Pecuarias, Jiutepec 62550, Mexico"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7671-6959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karel","family":"Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Universitaria de Secuenciaci\u00f3n Masiva y Bioinform\u00e1tica, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 J.","family":"Lira-Amaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agr\u00edcolas y Pecuarias, Jiutepec 62550, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebeca M.","family":"Santamaria-Epinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agr\u00edcolas y Pecuarias, Jiutepec 62550, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda E.","family":"Lopez-Arellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agr\u00edcolas y Pecuarias, Jiutepec 62550, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5608-5355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edda L.","family":"Sciutto-Conde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9177-5634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Rojas-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agr\u00edcolas y Pecuarias, Jiutepec 62550, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesus A.","family":"Alvarez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agr\u00edcolas y Pecuarias, Jiutepec 62550, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Universitaria de Secuenciaci\u00f3n Masiva y Bioinform\u00e1tica, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4731-3592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio V.","family":"Figueroa-Mill\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agr\u00edcolas y Pecuarias, Jiutepec 62550, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.2741\/4659","article-title":"Immunological control of ticks and tick-borne diseases that impact cattle health and production","volume":"23","author":"Almazan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. 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