{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T15:19:28Z","timestamp":1771687168993,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020648","name":"Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["073.11014.2023.0034257-82"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["073.11014.2023.0034257-82"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020648","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020648","name":"Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["304957\/2022-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304957\/2022-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020648","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior (Capes)","award":["073.11014.2023.0034257-82"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["073.11014.2023.0034257-82"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior (Capes)","award":["304957\/2022-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304957\/2022-4"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico","award":["073.11014.2023.0034257-82"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["073.11014.2023.0034257-82"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico","award":["304957\/2022-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304957\/2022-4"]}]},{"name":"Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)","award":["073.11014.2023.0034257-82"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["073.11014.2023.0034257-82"]}]},{"name":"Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)","award":["304957\/2022-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304957\/2022-4"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hypothyroidism causes ovarian dysfunction and infertility in women and animals and impairs the hypothalamic expression of kisspeptin (Kp). However, kisspeptin is also expressed in the genital system, and the lack of the Kp receptor (Kiss1r) in the uterus is linked to reduced implantation rates. This study investigated the impact of hypothyroidism on the uterine expression of Kp and Kiss1r in female rats throughout the estrous cycle and the associated changes in uterine activity modulators. Hypothyroidism was induced through daily administration of propylthiouracil (PTU) over a period of 14 days. Plasma levels of LH, E2, and P4, cyclicity, body and uterine weight, uterine histomorphometry, and the gene and\/or protein expression of Kiss1, Kiss1r, estrogen receptor \u03b1 (ER\u03b1), progesterone receptor (PR), and thyroid hormone receptor \u03b1 (TR\u03b1) were assessed. Additionally, proliferative activity (CDC-47) and the gene expression of uterine receptivity mediators (SMO, WNT4, BMP2, HAND2, MUC1, and LIF) were evaluated. Hypothyroidism prolonged the diestrus and increased progesterone levels during this phase, while decreasing luteinizing hormone and estradiol on proestrus. In the uterus, hypothyroidism reduced Kp immunostaining on diestrus and KISS1R mRNA levels on proestrus. These changes were accompanied by reduced endometrial glands, reduced uterine proliferative activity, and reduced ER\u03b1 gene and protein expression. Additionally, hypothyroidism led to reduced uterine gene expression of LIF, BMP2, WNT4, and HAND2. On the other hand, thyroid hypofunction increased uterine PR and TR\u03b1 immunostaining, while it reduced PGR gene expression on diestrus. These findings demonstrate that hypothyroidism reduces the expression of Kiss1\/Kiss1r system in the uterus, which is associated with disrupted uterine estrogen and progesterone signaling and reduced expression of uterine receptivity mediators across the rat estrous cycle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26020543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T03:48:11Z","timestamp":1736480891000},"page":"543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Hypothyroidism Alters Uterine Kisspeptin System and Activity Modulators in Cyclic Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Thayn\u00e1 Queiroz Menezes","family":"da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electron Microscopy Center, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3639-9223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erikles Mac\u00eado","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electron Microscopy Center, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7679-1353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciano Cardoso","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electron Microscopy Center, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luciana Santos de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electron Microscopy Center, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Clara da Silva Galr\u00e3o","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electron Microscopy Center, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabella Oliveira","family":"de Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electron Microscopy Center, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brenda Geovana Campos","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electron Microscopy Center, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cibele Luz","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electron Microscopy Center, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia Panhoca","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electron Microscopy Center, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Ara\u00fajo-Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2639-3469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raphael Escorsim","family":"Szawka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9881-1236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juneo Freitas","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electron Microscopy Center, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"907","article-title":"Thyroid Hormones and Female Reproduction","volume":"99","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. 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