{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:40:34Z","timestamp":1759920034872,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education","award":["NN402 210235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NN402 210235"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Selol is a semi-synthetic mixture of selenized triglycerides. The results of biological studies revealed that Selol exhibits several anticancer effects. However, studies on its potential anti-inflammatory activity are scarce, and underlying signaling pathways are unknown. The aim of our study was to investigate the ability of Selol to exert anti-inflammatory effects in a RAW 264.7 cell line model of LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-induced inflammation. Cells were treated either with Selol 5% (4 or 8 \u00b5g Se\/mL) or LPS (1 \u00b5g\/mL) alone or with Selol given concomitantly with LPS. The parameters studied were reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glutathione and thioredoxin (Txn) levels, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB) activation, as well as nitric oxide\/prostaglandin E2 (NO\/PGE2) production. The presented research also included the effect of Selol and\/or LPS on glucose (Glc) catabolism; for this purpose, the levels of key enzymes of the glycolysis pathway were determined. The results showed that Selol exhibited pro-oxidative properties. It induced ROS generation with a significant increase in the level of Txn; however, it did not affect the reduced glutathione\/oxidized glutathione (GSH\/GSSG) ratio. Selol moderately activated NF-\u03baB but failed to affect NO\/PGE2 production. The effect of Selol on glucose catabolism was not significant. However, the simultaneous administration of Selol with LPS exerted a statistically significant anti-inflammatory effect via a decrease in the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and NF-\u03baB activation. Our study also showed that as a result of LPS action in cells, the anaerobic glycolysis activity was increased, and incubation with Selol caused a partial reprogramming of Glc metabolism towards aerobic metabolism. This may indicate different pharmacological and molecular effects of Selol action in physiological and pathological conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26020559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T06:25:54Z","timestamp":1736490354000},"page":"559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Modulatory Effect of Selol (Se IV) on Pro-Inflammatory Pathways in RAW 264.7 Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2976-4135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gwan Yong","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"Grosicka-Maci\u0105g","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cardinal Stefan Wyszy\u0144ski, W\u00f3ycickiego 1\/3, 01-938 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Szumi\u0142o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Graska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iwonna","family":"Rahden-Staro\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dagmara","family":"Kurpios-Piec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12034","article-title":"Natural resolution of inflammation","volume":"63","author":"Freire","year":"2013","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7204","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23208","article-title":"Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.109.191189","article-title":"Nuclear receptors and inflammation control: Molecular mechanisms and pathophysiological relevance","volume":"30","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1007\/s11515-011-1123-9","article-title":"An overview of inflammation: Mechanism and consequences","volume":"6","author":"Ahmed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"167","article-title":"The influence of polyphenol-rich extracts on the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in macrophages","volume":"72","author":"Chojnacka","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2448","article-title":"Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation","volume":"8","author":"Mosser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.2174\/1568010054022024","article-title":"Macrophages in inflammation","volume":"4","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets Inflamm. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s13273-017-0045-2","article-title":"Fucoidan inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 macrophages and zebrafish larvae","volume":"13","author":"Jeong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17964","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M703075200","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory effects of selenium are mediated through 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 in macrophages","volume":"282","author":"Vunta","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ko, W., Liu, Z., Kim, K.W., Dong, L., Lee, H., Kim, N.Y., Lee, D.S., and Woo, E.R. (2021). Kuwanon T and Sanggenon a Isolated from Morus alba Exert Anti-Inflammatory Effects by Regulating NF-kappaB and HO-1\/Nrf2 Signaling Pathways in BV2 and RAW264.7 Cells. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26247642"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113432","article-title":"Preventive effects of matrine on LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells and intestinal damage in mice through the TLR4\/NF-kappaB\/MAPK pathway","volume":"143","author":"Mao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.2741\/1341","article-title":"Cytokines and fever","volume":"9","author":"Conti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pires, B.R.B., Silva, R., Ferreira, G.M., and Abdelhay, E. (2018). NF-kappaB: Two Sides of the Same Coin. Genes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9010024"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazuryk, O., Gurgul, I., Oszajca, M., Polaczek, J., Kieca, K., Bieszczad-Zak, E., Martyka, T., and Stochel, G. (2024). Nitric Oxide Signaling and Sensing in Age-Related Diseases. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13101213"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-023-00360-z","article-title":"Advances in the study of macrophage polarization in inflammatory immune skin diseases","volume":"20","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ross, E.A., Devitt, A., and Johnson, J.R. (2021). Macrophages: The Good, the Bad, and the Gluttony. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.708186"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI124615","article-title":"The role of macrophages in the resolution of inflammation","volume":"129","author":"Watanabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Xu, R., Gu, H., Zhang, E., Qu, J., Cao, W., Huang, X., Yan, H., He, J., and Cai, Z. (2021). Metabolic reprogramming in macrophage responses. Biomark. Res., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-020-00251-y"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s40635-020-00316-0","article-title":"Metabolic substrate utilization in stress-induced immune cells","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med. Exp."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korwar, A.M., Hossain, A., Lee, T.J., Shay, A.E., Basrur, V., Conlon, K., Smith, P.B., Carlson, B.A., Salis, H.M., and Patterson, A.D. (2021). Selenium-dependent metabolic reprogramming during inflammation and resolution. J. Biol. Chem., 296.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.100410"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, F., Li, X., and Wei, Y. (2023). Selenium and Selenoproteins in Health. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13050799"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-021-00821-3","article-title":"The effects of dietary selenium supplementation on inflammatory markers among patients with metabolic diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"20","author":"Djalalinia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-018-1396-9","article-title":"Selenium Deficiency Affects Immune Function by Influencing Selenoprotein and Cytokine Expression in Chicken Spleen","volume":"187","author":"Khoso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sonet, J., Mosca, M., Bierla, K., Modzelewska, K., Flis-Borsuk, A., Suchocki, P., Ksiazek, I., Anuszewska, E., Bulteau, A.L., and Szpunar, J. (2019). Selenized Plant Oil Is an Efficient Source of Selenium for Selenoprotein Biosynthesis in Human Cell Lines. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071524"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2010.04.018","article-title":"Evaluation of mutagenic activity of the organo-selenium compound Selol by use of the Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay","volume":"699","author":"Suchocki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2013.10.004","article-title":"Effects of Selol 5% supplementation on the activity or concentration of antioxidants and malondialdehyde level in the blood of healthy mice","volume":"66","author":"Sochacka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2014.07.017","article-title":"Selenitetriglycerides\u2014Redox-active agents","volume":"67","author":"Flis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"225","article-title":"The influence of Selol on the expression of oxidative stress genes in normal and malignant prostate cells","volume":"10","author":"Ksiazek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Genom. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505101","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/26\/50\/505101","article-title":"Antitumor activity and systemic effects of PVM\/MA-shelled selol nanocapsules in lung adenocarcinoma-bearing mice","volume":"26","author":"Muehlmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Souza, L.R., Muehlmann, L.A., Dos Santos, M.S., Ganassin, R., Simon-Vazquez, R., Joanitti, G.A., Mosiniewicz-Szablewska, E., Suchocki, P., Morais, P.C., and Gonzalez-Fernandez, A. (2014). PVM\/MA-shelled selol nanocapsules promote cell cycle arrest in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells. J. Nanobiotechnology, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-014-0032-x"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"893","article-title":"The activity of Selol in multidrug-resistant and sensitive human leukemia cells","volume":"18","author":"Suchocki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"90","article-title":"Comparison of selected gene expression profiles in sensitive and resistant cancer cells treated with doxorubicin and Selol","volume":"18","author":"Grabowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Contemp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2018.13974","article-title":"Decoration of a Poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride)-Shelled Selol Nanocapsule with Folic Acid Increases Its Activity Against Different Cancer Cell Lines In Vitro","volume":"18","author":"Ganassin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"2002","article-title":"Nanocapsules for the co-delivery of selol and doxorubicin to breast adenocarcinoma 4T1 cells in vitro","volume":"46","author":"Ganassin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2018.1478423","article-title":"Selol nanocapsules with a poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride) shell conjugated to doxorubicin for combinatorial chemotherapy against murine breast adenocarcinoma in vivo","volume":"46","author":"Ganassin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2018.06.003","article-title":"Effects of Selol 5% supplementation on tissue antioxidant enzyme levels and peroxidation marker in healthy mice","volume":"70","author":"Sochacka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sochacka, M., Hoser, G., Remiszewska, M., Suchocki, P., Sikora, K., and Giebu\u0142towicz, J. (2024). Effect of Selol on Tumor Morphology and Biochemical Parameters Associated with Oxidative Stress in a Prostate Tumor-Bearing Mice Model. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16172860"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205101","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/ac504c","article-title":"Combination of selol nanocapsules and magnetic hyperthermia hinders breast tumor growth in aged mice after a short-time treatment","volume":"33","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2020.2890","article-title":"Synergistic Antitumor Efficacy of Magnetohyperthermia and Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-Encapsulated Selol in Ehrlich Breast Adenocarcinoma Treatment in Elderly Swiss Mice","volume":"16","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2018.10.005","article-title":"Selol (Se IV) modulates adhesive molecules in control and TNF-\u03b1-stimulated HMEC-1 cells","volume":"51","author":"Kowalewski","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2017.02.014","article-title":"Selol, an organic selenium donor, prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction in the rat brain","volume":"108","author":"Dominiak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"105","article-title":"Badania wp\u0142ywu Selolu i seleninu sodu na kom\u00f3rki HeLa in vitro","volume":"65","author":"Nowak","year":"2011","journal-title":"CHEMIK"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2812","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201600251R","article-title":"Transcriptomics and proteomics show that selenium affects inflammation, cytoskeleton, and cancer pathways in human rectal biopsies","volume":"30","author":"Meplan","year":"2016","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2021.07.013","article-title":"Selenium stimulates the antitumour immunity: Insights to future research","volume":"155","author":"Razaghi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-010-8656-7","article-title":"Regulation of redox signaling by selenoproteins","volume":"134","author":"Hawkes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sonet, J., Bulteau, A.L., Touat-Hamici, Z., Mosca, M., Bierla, K., Mounicou, S., Lobinski, R., and Chavatte, L. (2021). Selenoproteome Expression Studied by Non-Radioactive Isotopic Selenium-Labeling in Human Cell Lines. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147308"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34975","article-title":"A comprehensive review on potential role of selenium, selenoproteins and selenium nanoparticles in male fertility","volume":"10","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2013-0241","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress during inflammatory processes","volume":"395","author":"Lugrin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.09.006","article-title":"Oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer: How are they linked?","volume":"49","author":"Reuter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avery, J.C., and Hoffmann, P.R. (2018). Selenium, Selenoproteins, and Immunity. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091203"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665122002658","article-title":"Selenium status and immunity","volume":"82","author":"Filippini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.05.081","article-title":"Selenocysteine in mammalian thioredoxin reductase and application of ebselen as a therapeutic","volume":"127","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2017.08.027","article-title":"Gene expression of selenoproteins can be regulated by thioredoxin(Txn) silence in chicken cardiomyocytes","volume":"177","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53627","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.53627","article-title":"Thioredoxin-1 distinctly promotes NF-kappaB target DNA binding and NLRP3 inflammasome activation independently of Txnip","volume":"9","author":"Muri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2014.07.012","article-title":"Suppression of the pro-inflammatory NLRP3\/interleukin-1beta pathway in macrophages by the thioredoxin reductase inhibitor auranofin","volume":"1840","author":"Isakov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2007.9.25","article-title":"Thioredoxin and related molecules\u2014From biology to health and disease","volume":"9","author":"Lillig","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunt, M., Torres, M., Bachar-Wikstrom, E., and Wikstrom, J.D. (2024). Cellular and molecular roles of reactive oxygen species in wound healing. Commun. Biol., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-07219-w"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7884","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.522037","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming of macrophages: Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1)-mediated glucose metabolism drives a proinflammatory phenotype","volume":"289","author":"Freemerman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2015.2107","article-title":"Rhododendron album Blume inhibits iNOS and COX-2 expression in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells through the downregulation of NF-kappaB signaling","volume":"35","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2017.07.003","article-title":"The Regulation of Pathways of Inflammation and Resolution in Immune Cells and Cancer Stem Cells by Selenium","volume":"136","author":"Diwakar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(02)00775-X","article-title":"Nuclear factor-kappaB mediates over-expression of cyclooxygenase-2 during activation of RAW 264.7 macrophages in selenium deficiency","volume":"32","author":"Lu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27471","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.260547","article-title":"Selenoprotein-dependent up-regulation of hematopoietic prostaglandin D2 synthase in macrophages is mediated through the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma","volume":"286","author":"Gandhi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20020256","article-title":"Selenium deficiency increases the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in RAW 264.7 macrophages: Role of nuclear factor-kappaB in up-regulation","volume":"366","author":"Prabhu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145442","article-title":"Comparison of nanoparticle-selenium, selenium-enriched yeast and sodium selenite on the alleviation of cadmium-induced inflammation via NF-kB\/I\u03baB pathway in heart","volume":"773","author":"Ge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001034","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202001034","article-title":"Lunasin Peptide is a Modulator of the Immune Response in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract","volume":"65","author":"Marin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Fitak, B., Grabowski, M., and Suchocki, P. (1999). Preparat Przeciwnowotworowy i Spos\u00f3b Jego Wytwarzania. (Polish Patent 1765301994)."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4975","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b01297","article-title":"Speciation of Selenium in Selenium-Enriched Sunflower Oil by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry\/Electrospray-Orbitrap Tandem Mass Spectrometry","volume":"64","author":"Bierla","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/S0731-7085(03)00205-X","article-title":"Specific spectrophotometric method with trifluoroacetic acid for the determination of selenium(IV) in selenitetriglycerides","volume":"32","author":"Suchocki","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3109\/08923973.2014.987924","article-title":"Thiram modulates pro-inflammatory mediators in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells","volume":"37","author":"Kowalewski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.2009.01243.x","article-title":"Monitoring reactive oxygen species formation and localisation in living cells by use of the fluorescent probe CM-H2DCFDA and confocal laser microscopy","volume":"136","author":"Kristiansen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.22207","article-title":"Imaging of reactive oxygen species burst from mitochondria using laser scanning confocal microscopy","volume":"76","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/2\/559\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:26:30Z","timestamp":1759919190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/2\/559"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26020559"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26020559","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]}}}