{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:11:45Z","timestamp":1791216705425,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]],"date-time":"2025-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory condition characterised by the presence of endometrium-like tissue outside the uterus. Despite its high prevalence and recent advances in molecular science, many aspects of endometriosis and its pathophysiology are still poorly understood. Previously, in vitro and in vivo modelling have been instrumental in establishing our current understanding of endometriosis. As the field of molecular science and the advance towards personalised medicine is ever increasing, more sophisticated models are continually being developed. These hold great potential to provide more intricate knowledge of the underlying pathophysiology and facilitate investigations into potential future approaches to diagnosis and treatment. This review provides an overview of different in vitro and in vivo models of endometriosis that are pertinent to establishing our current understanding. Moreover, we discuss new cross-cutting approaches to endometriosis modelling, such as the use of microfluidic cultures and 3D printing, which have the potential to shape the future of endometriosis research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26020580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T07:40:08Z","timestamp":1736754008000},"page":"580","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Modelling Endometriosis Using In Vitro and In Vivo Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Verity","family":"Black","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Women\u2019s Centre, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2365-1194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cemsel","family":"Bafligil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botnar Research Centre, NIHR Biomedical Research Unit Oxford, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Greaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0275-9905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krina T.","family":"Zondervan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Women\u2019s Centre, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK"},{"name":"Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian M.","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Women\u2019s Centre, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4330-4720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karin","family":"Hellner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Women\u2019s Centre, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2698","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dei135","article-title":"ESHRE Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Endometriosis","volume":"20","author":"Kennedy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. 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