{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T10:51:29Z","timestamp":1774435889466,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Consejer\u00eda de Econom\u00eda, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad, Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","award":["CV20-76497"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CV20-76497"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["CV20-76497"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CV20-76497"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>COVID-19 has been a challenge at the healthcare level not only in the early stages of the pandemic, but also in the subsequent appearance of long-term COVID-19. Several investigations have attempted to identify proteomic biomarkers in an attempt to improve clinical care, guide treatment and predict possible patient outcomes. Proteins such as C-reactive protein (CRP) or interleukin 6 (IL-6) are clear markers of severe disease, but many others have been proposed that could help in risk stratification and in the prediction of specific complications. This review aims to bring together the most relevant studies in this regard, providing information to identify the most notable biomarkers in relation to COVID-19 found to date.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26020653","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T07:35:47Z","timestamp":1736840147000},"page":"653","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Utility of Protein Markers in COVID-19 Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9518-3409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"L\u00f3pez-Biedma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Innovation Unit, Hospital Costa del Sol, Autov\u00eda A-7 km 187, 29603 Marbella, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga-Plataforma BIONAND (IBIMA-BIONAND), Severo Ochoa, 35, 29590 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda \u00c1ngeles","family":"Onieva-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preventive Medicine and Public Health Unit, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Cordoba, Spain"},{"name":"Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Group, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Desir\u00e9e","family":"Mart\u00edn-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Innovation Unit, Hospital Costa del Sol, Autov\u00eda A-7 km 187, 29603 Marbella, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga-Plataforma BIONAND (IBIMA-BIONAND), Severo Ochoa, 35, 29590 Malaga, Spain"},{"name":"Red de Investigaci\u00f3n en Servicios de Salud en Enfermedades Cr\u00f3nicas (REDISSEC) and Red de Investigaci\u00f3n en Cronicidad, Atenci\u00f3n Primaria y Promoci\u00f3n de la Salud (RICAPPS), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA), 29590 Malaga, Spain"},{"name":"Surgical Specialties, Biochemistry and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of M\u00e1laga, 29010 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5559-4246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximino","family":"Redondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Innovation Unit, Hospital Costa del Sol, Autov\u00eda A-7 km 187, 29603 Marbella, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga-Plataforma BIONAND (IBIMA-BIONAND), Severo Ochoa, 35, 29590 Malaga, Spain"},{"name":"Red de Investigaci\u00f3n en Servicios de Salud en Enfermedades Cr\u00f3nicas (REDISSEC) and Red de Investigaci\u00f3n en Cronicidad, Atenci\u00f3n Primaria y Promoci\u00f3n de la Salud (RICAPPS), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA), 29590 Malaga, Spain"},{"name":"Surgical Specialties, Biochemistry and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of M\u00e1laga, 29010 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3759-4044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marilina","family":"Garc\u00eda-Aranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Innovation Unit, Hospital Costa del Sol, Autov\u00eda A-7 km 187, 29603 Marbella, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga-Plataforma BIONAND (IBIMA-BIONAND), Severo Ochoa, 35, 29590 Malaga, Spain"},{"name":"Red de Investigaci\u00f3n en Servicios de Salud en Enfermedades Cr\u00f3nicas (REDISSEC) and Red de Investigaci\u00f3n en Cronicidad, Atenci\u00f3n Primaria y Promoci\u00f3n de la Salud (RICAPPS), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga (IBIMA), 29590 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical Features of Patients Infected with 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30628-0","article-title":"COVID-19: Consider Cytokine Storm Syndromes and Immunosuppression","volume":"395","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1570","article-title":"Tissue Distribution of ACE2 Protein, the Functional Receptor for SARS Coronavirus. 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