{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T19:12:30Z","timestamp":1791141150337,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute of Lithuania\u2019s scientific"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic potential of soluble Programmed Death Ligand 1 (sPD-L1) and Programmed Death 1 (sPD-1) molecules in plasma, along with urinary mRNA biomarkers\u2014Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA), Prostate Cancer Antigen 3 (PCA3), and androgen receptor (AR) genes\u2014for identifying clinically significant prostate cancer (PCa), defined as pathological stage 3. In a cohort of 68 PCa patients, sPD-L1 and sPD-1 levels were quantified using ELISA, while mRNA transcripts were measured by RT-qPCR. Results highlight the potential of integrating these liquid-based biomarkers. In particular, the combination of sPD-L1, sPD-1, and AR demonstrated the most significant improvement in diagnostic performance, increasing the area under the curve (AUC) from 0.65 to 0.81 and sensitivity from 60% to 88%, compared to AR alone. PSMA demonstrated an AUC of 0.82 and a specificity of 52.8%, which improved to an AUC of 0.85 and a specificity of 94.4% with the inclusion of sPD-L1 and sPD-1. Similarly, PCA3 achieved an AUC of 0.75 and a specificity of 53.8%, increasing to an AUC of 0.78 and a specificity of 76.9% when combined with these biomarkers. Incorporating sPD-L1 into a three-gene panel further elevated the AUC from 0.74 to 0.94. These findings underscore the value of multimodal liquid-based diagnostic panels in improving the management of clinically significant PCa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26020704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T10:00:01Z","timestamp":1736935201000},"page":"704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Liquid-Based Diagnostic Panels for Prostate Cancer: The Synergistic Role of Soluble PD-L1, PD-1, and mRNA Biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4598-0108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarita","family":"\u017dvirbl\u0117","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute, P. Baublio Str. 3B, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania"},{"name":"Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center Vilnius University, Saul\u0117tekio av 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3536-4384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ieva","family":"Vaicekauskait\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute, P. Baublio Str. 3B, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania"},{"name":"Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center Vilnius University, Saul\u0117tekio av 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u017dilvinas","family":"Survila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center Vilnius University, Saul\u0117tekio av 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4951-1122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulius","family":"Bosas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute, P. Baublio Str. 3B, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8044-8910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neringa","family":"Dobrovolskien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute, P. 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