{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T10:31:32Z","timestamp":1779100292721,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,18]],"date-time":"2025-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81971960"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971960"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82002161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82002161"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["202103080728"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202103080728"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["ZR2024MH213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2024MH213"]}]},{"name":"Project of Medicine and Health Science and Technology Development Plan of Shandong Province","award":["81971960"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971960"]}]},{"name":"Project of Medicine and Health Science and Technology Development Plan of Shandong Province","award":["82002161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82002161"]}]},{"name":"Project of Medicine and Health Science and Technology Development Plan of Shandong Province","award":["202103080728"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202103080728"]}]},{"name":"Project of Medicine and Health Science and Technology Development Plan of Shandong Province","award":["ZR2024MH213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2024MH213"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["81971960"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971960"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["82002161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82002161"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["202103080728"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202103080728"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["ZR2024MH213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2024MH213"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasma gondii is a globally widespread pathogen of significant veterinary and medical importance, causing abortion or congenital disease in humans and other warm-blooded animals. Nevertheless, the current treatment options are restricted and sometimes result in toxic side effects. Hence, it is essential to discover drugs that demonstrate potent anti-Toxoplasma activity. Herein, we found that vorinostat, a pan-HDAC inhibitor, exhibited an IC50 value of 260.1 nM against the T. gondii RH strain and a selectivity index (SI) &gt; 800 with respect to HFF cells. Vorinostat disrupted the entire lytic cycle of T. gondii in vitro. Proteome analysis indicated that vorinostat remarkably perturbed the protein expression of T. gondii, and proteins involved in \u201cDNA replication\u201d and \u201cmembrane\u201d were significantly dysregulated. Furthermore, we found that vorinostat significantly enhanced ROS production and induced parasite apoptosis. Importantly, vorinostat could prolong survival in a murine model. Our findings reveal that vorinostat is effective against T. gondii both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic option for human toxoplasmosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26020795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T06:53:32Z","timestamp":1737442412000},"page":"795","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Characterization of the Activities of Vorinostat Against Toxoplasma gondii"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ting","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun-Xue","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dai-Ang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Yan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xu-Dian","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Rong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong-Nan","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7299-2753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bing","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9679-5375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huai-Yu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1319","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.1319","article-title":"Global seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among patients with mental and neurological disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Bisetegn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Sci. 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