{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T10:15:53Z","timestamp":1768990553110,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,18]],"date-time":"2025-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003825","name":"J\u00e1nos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BO\/00037\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BO\/00037\/23"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The signature of human serum IgG glycosylation is critical in the defense against pathogens. Alterations of IgG N-glycome were associated with COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) severity, although knowledge on the response to vaccination is limited. IgG N-glycome was analyzed in this study in post-COVID-19 and post-vaccination patients to reveal potential glycosylation-based alterations using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC-UPLC) with fluorescence (FLR) and mass-spectrometric (MS) detection. IgG antibodies were purified from serum samples through protein G affinity chromatography followed by PNGase F digestion-based deglycosylation. The released glycans were fluorescently derivatized by procainamide labeling and purified via solid-phase extraction. Higher levels of sialylation and afucosylation were identified in post-COVID-19 patients, which was further expanded by vaccination, but only in those who were previously SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infected.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26020807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T06:53:32Z","timestamp":1737442412000},"page":"807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Glycosylation of Serum IgG Antibodies in Post-COVID-19 and Post-Vaccination Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2672-095X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Csaba","family":"V\u00e1radi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20160017","article-title":"The immune system","volume":"60","author":"Nicholson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Essays Biochem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vidarsson, G., Dekkers, G., and Rispens, T. 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