{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T23:23:52Z","timestamp":1793748232321,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["21K08108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K08108"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013171","name":"Ryobi Teien Memory Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21K08108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K08108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013171","name":"Ryobi Teien Memory Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pulmonary hypertension associated with lung diseases and\/or hypoxia is classified as group 3 in the clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. The efficacy of existing selective pulmonary vasodilators for group 3 pulmonary hypertension is still unknown, and it is currently associated with a poor prognosis. The mechanisms by which pulmonary hypertension occurs include hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, pulmonary vascular remodeling, a decrease in pulmonary vascular beds, endothelial dysfunction, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), inflammation, microRNA, and genetic predisposition. Among these, hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and subsequent pulmonary vascular remodeling are characteristic factors involving the pulmonary vasculature and are the focus of this review. Several factors have been reported to mediate vascular remodeling induced by hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, such as HIF-1\u03b1 and mechanosensors, including TRP channels. New therapies that target novel molecules, such as mechanoreceptors, to inhibit vascular remodeling are awaited.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26020835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T06:53:32Z","timestamp":1737442412000},"page":"835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Pathophysiology of Group 3 Pulmonary Hypertension Associated with Lung Diseases and\/or Hypoxia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8845-3626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazufumi","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Heart Failure, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9392-7117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoshi","family":"Akagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kentaro","family":"Ejiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Taya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukihiro","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Kuroda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoichi","family":"Takaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norihisa","family":"Toh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rie","family":"Nakayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Katanosaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya 463-8521, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya 463-8521, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinsuke","family":"Yuasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00486-7","article-title":"Pulmonary hypertension","volume":"10","author":"Mocumbi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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