{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T15:52:02Z","timestamp":1783007522163,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":210,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer particles released by virtually all cells, with prominent roles in both physiological and pathological processes. The size, number, and molecular composition of released EVs correlate to the cells of origin, modulated by the cell\u2019s environment and pathologic state. The proteins, DNA, RNA, and protein cargo carried by EVs are protected by degradation, with a prominent role in targeted intercellular signaling. These properties make EVs salient targets as both carriers of biomarkers and potential therapeutic delivery vehicles. The majority of EV research has focused on blood, urine, saliva, and cerebrospinal fluid due to easy accessibility. EVs have also been identified and studied in all ocular biofluids, including the vitreous humor, the aqueous humor, and the tear film, and the study of EVs in ocular disease is a new, promising, and underexplored direction with unique challenges and considerations. This review covers recent advances in the diagnostic and therapeutic use of ocular EVs, with a focus on human applications and key preceding in vitro and in vivo animal studies. We also discuss future directions based on the study of EVs in other organ systems and disease sates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26020836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T06:53:32Z","timestamp":1737442412000},"page":"836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Diagnostic and Therapeutic Utility of Extracellular Vesicles in Ocular Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7778-3993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Khristov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6313-5947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah R.","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mireille","family":"Caton-Darby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Sundstrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36083","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.26300","article-title":"Exosomes impact survival to radiation exposure in cell line models of nervous system cancer","volume":"9","author":"Mrowczynski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-4397-0_2","article-title":"Exosomes: Nanocarriers of Biological Messages","volume":"998","author":"Conigliaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. 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