{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T16:18:46Z","timestamp":1784045926813,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects and potential mechanisms of Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) on methionine\u2013choline-deficient diet (MCD)-induced MASH in C57BL\/6 mice by using multi-omics techniques. The C57BL\/6 mice were fed with the MCD for 8 weeks to establish a MASH model, while THC (100 mg\u00b7kg\u22121\u00b7d\u22121) and obeticholic acid (6.5 mg\u00b7kg\u22121\u00b7d\u22121) were administered via gavage to the THC group and the positive control group, respectively. The biochemical indexes of the serum and liver were detected using kits. Liver tissue sections were taken to observe the pathomorphological changes. Serum lipid and bile acid contents were measured via LC-MS, and the changes in ileal intestinal flora were detected by 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing technology. The results revealed that THC significantly attenuated oxidative stress and lipid accumulation in NCTC-1469 cells and relieved hepatic injury and oxidative stress, reduced hepatic TG content, and improved hepatic steatosis in mice. THC alleviated 34 lipid abnormalities caused by the MCD; increased the abundance and diversity of intestinal flora, the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidota, and the abundance of the probiotic (Verrucomicrobiota, Christensenellaceae, Akkermansiaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Desulfovibrionaceae); and reduced the abundance of obesity-associated pathogenic flora such as Firmicutes. Bile acid analysis showed that THC administration reduced the levels of serum toxic bile acid 7-KDCA and CA. In addition, RT-qPCR studies showed that THC down-regulated the transcript levels of the hepatic lipogenesis-related genes Srebp1c, Acc1, Scd1, and Fas, and up-regulated the transcript levels of the hepatic bile acid secretion-related genes Mrp2 and Bsep. The above results suggest that THC may alleviate MCD-induced MASH by downregulating liver Srebp1c, Acc1, Scd1, and Fas levels to inhibit lipid synthesis, upregulating Mrp2 and Bsep levels to regulate serum toxic BA levels, up-regulating the abundance of intestinal probiotic flora, and down-regulating the abundance of intestinal harmful bacterial flora. The multi-omics findings from the above study identified potential new mechanisms by which THC alleviates MASH, providing new reference targets for the development of anti-MASH drugs. These results also offer a basis for screening clinical diagnostic biomarkers for MASH and provide new directions for personalized diagnosis and treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26030895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T07:55:32Z","timestamp":1737532532000},"page":"895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Tetrahydrocurcumin Alleviates Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis in Mice by Regulating Serum Lipids, Bile Acids, and Gut Microbiota"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Shang","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-Throughput Drug Screening Technology, College of Health Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moran","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-Throughput Drug Screening Technology, College of Health Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-Throughput Drug Screening Technology, College of Health Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-Throughput Drug Screening Technology, College of Health Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-Throughput Drug Screening Technology, College of Health Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-Throughput Drug Screening Technology, College of Health Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000004","article-title":"The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): A systematic review","volume":"77","author":"Younossi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Younossi, Z.M., Kalligeros, M., and Henry, L. (2024). Epidemiology of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease. Clin. Mol. Hepatol.","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2024.0431"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00639-3","article-title":"Immune cell-mediated features of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"22","author":"Huby","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Zhang, L., and Dong, B. (2024). Molecular mechanisms in MASLD\/MASH-related HCC. Hepatology, 10\u20131097.","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000786"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.06.031","article-title":"Bioactive lipid species and metabolic pathways in progression and resolution of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"155","author":"Musso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-009-0083-6","article-title":"Nontriglyceride hepatic lipotoxicity: The new paradigm for the pathogenesis of NASH","volume":"12","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21752","article-title":"Palmitic acid induces production of proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-8 from hepatocytes","volume":"46","author":"Barve","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.04.113","article-title":"Free fatty acids sensitize hepatocytes to bile acid-induced apoptosis","volume":"371","author":"Pusl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25630","article-title":"Disruption of phospholipid and bile acid homeostasis in mice with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"56","author":"Tanaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gottlieb, A., and Canbay, A. (2019). Why bile acids are so important in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) progression. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8111358"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15035","article-title":"Serum bile acid patterns are associated with the presence of NAFLD in twins, and dose-dependent changes with increase in fibrosis stage in patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD","volume":"49","author":"Caussy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30219","article-title":"Dysregulated hepatic bile acids collaboratively promote liver carcinogenesis","volume":"139","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mouzaki, M., Wang, A.Y., Bandsma, R., Comelli, E.M., Arendt, B.M., Zhang, L., Fung, S., Fischer, S.E., McGilvray, I.G., and Allard, J.P. (2016). Bile acids and dysbiosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151829"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, B., Jiang, J., Shi, Z., Wu, L., Yan, J., Chen, Z., Luo, M., Cui, D., Xu, S., and Yan, M. (2021). Pure total flavonoids from citrus attenuate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis via regulating the gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism in mice. Biomed. Pharmacother., 135.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.111183"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-017-1524-x","article-title":"Influence of gut microbiota on the development and progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"57","author":"Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.13001","article-title":"Reciprocal interactions between bile acids and gut microbiota in human liver diseases","volume":"48","author":"Ikegami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1900073","article-title":"Regulation of bile acid metabolism-related signaling pathways by gut microbiota in diseases","volume":"20","author":"Jia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ.-Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alkhatib, D.H., Jaleel, A., Tariq, M.N.M., Feehan, J., Apostolopoulos, V., Cheikh Ismail, L., Stojanovska, L., and Dhaheri, A.S.A. (2022). The Role of Bioactive Compounds from Dietary Spices in the Management of Metabolic Syndrome: An Overview. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010175"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, T., Scoggin, S., Gong, X., Kalupahana, N.S., and Moustaid-Moussa, N. (2023). Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms of Curcumin and Its Metabolites in White Adipose Tissue and Cultured Adipocytes. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16010070"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154283","article-title":"Tetrahydrocurcumin improves lipopolysaccharide-induced myocardial dysfunction by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation via JNK\/ERK signaling pathway regulation","volume":"104","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2018.01.005","article-title":"Tetrahydrocurcumin ameliorates free fatty acid-induced hepatic steatosis and improves insulin resistance in HepG2 cells","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12685","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b04624","article-title":"Attenuation by tetrahydrocurcumin of adiposity and hepatic steatosis in mice with high-fat-diet-induced obesity","volume":"66","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., Guan, F., Huang, H., Chen, H., Liu, Y., Zhang, S., Li, M., and Chen, J. (2024). Tetrahydrocurcumin ameliorates hepatic steatosis by restoring hepatocytes lipophagy through mTORC1-TFEB pathway in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Biomed. Pharmacother., 178.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117297"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2022.104957","article-title":"Tetrahydrocurcumin protects against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by improving lipid metabolism and redox homeostasis","volume":"89","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e3283444b09","article-title":"Obesity, insulin resistance and free fatty acids","volume":"18","author":"Boden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, L., Xue, Y., Feng, J., Wang, Y., Lu, Y., and Chen, C. (2023). Tetrahydrocurcumin as a stable and highly active curcumin derivative: A review of synthesis, bioconversion, detection and application. Food Biosci., 53.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2023.102591"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00f3\u017ca\u0144ski, G., Tabisz, H., Zalewska, M., Niemiro, W., Kujawski, S., Newton, J., Zalewski, P., and S\u0142omko, J. (2023). Meta-analysis of exploring the effect of curcumin supplementation with or without other advice on biochemical and anthropometric parameters in patients with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054266"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2024.05.017","article-title":"Curcumin supplementation alleviates hepatic fat content associated with modulation of gut microbiota-dependent bile acid metabolism in patients with nonalcoholic simple fatty liver disease: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"120","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2017.05.006","article-title":"Curcuminoids modify lipid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"33","author":"Panahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"290","article-title":"The Effects of Nano-curcumin on Metabolic Status in Patients with Diabetes on Hemodialysis, a Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-controlled Trial","volume":"14","author":"Shafabakhsh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R066357","article-title":"Lipotoxic lethal and sublethal stress signaling in hepatocytes: Relevance to NASH pathogenesis","volume":"57","author":"Hirsova","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2017-0146","article-title":"Immune-regulation and -functions of eicosanoid lipid mediators","volume":"398","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2003.10719328","article-title":"Involvement of CYP 2C9 in mediating the proinflammatory effects of linoleic acid in vascular endothelial cells","volume":"22","author":"Viswanathan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00.15107500","article-title":"Leukotoxin and its diol induce neutrophil chemotaxis through signal transduction different from that of fMLP","volume":"15","author":"Totani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.143.6.8834","article-title":"Divergent effects of selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-\u03b32 ligands on adipocyte versus osteoblast differentiation","volume":"143","author":"Moerman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1989.6.31","article-title":"Increased plasma PGE2, 6-keto-PGF1\u03b1, and 12-HETE levels following experimental concussive brain injury","volume":"6","author":"Ellis","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanaka, N., Yamaguchi, H., and Mano, N. (2014). Transport of eicosapentaenoic acid-Derived PGE3, PGF3\u03b1, and TXB3 by ABCC4. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109270"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i23.2468","article-title":"Dynamic alterations in the gut microbiota and metabolome during the development of methionine-choline-deficient diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"24","author":"Ye","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livres.2019.02.001","article-title":"The role of gut microbiota in liver disease development and treatment","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Liver Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.8b00945","article-title":"Metabolic and gut microbial characterization of obesity-prone mice under a high-fat diet","volume":"18","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307142","article-title":"A polyphenol-rich cranberry extract protects from diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance and intestinal inflammation in association with increased Akkermansia spp. population in the gut microbiota of mice","volume":"64","author":"Roy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03004-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03004-19","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila prevents fatty liver disease, decreases serum triglycerides, and maintains gut homeostasis","volume":"86","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.13410","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila is a promising probiotic","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19355","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.8466","article-title":"Distinctly altered gut microbiota in the progression of liver disease","volume":"7","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9749","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28126-1","article-title":"A taxonomic signature of obesity in a large study of American adults","volume":"8","author":"Peters","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000136","article-title":"Individualized dynamics in the gut microbiota precede Crohn\u2019s disease flares","volume":"114","author":"Braun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Off. J. Am. Coll. Gastroenterol.|ACG"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100067","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202100067","article-title":"Soyasaponin A2 Alleviates Steatohepatitis Possibly through Regulating Bile Acids and Gut Microbiota in the Methionine and Choline-Deficient (MCD) Diet-induced Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Mice","volume":"65","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, J., Lv, L., Wu, W., Li, Y., Shi, D., Fang, D., Guo, F., Jiang, H., Yan, R., and Ye, W. (2018). Butyrate protects mice against methionine\u2013choline-deficient diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by improving gut barrier function, attenuating inflammation and reducing endotoxin levels. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01967"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3318","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-015-3776-8","article-title":"Altered bile acid metabolome in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"60","author":"Ferslew","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2010.07.030","article-title":"Bile acid toxicity structure\u2013activity relationships: Correlations between cell viability and lipophilicity in a panel of new and known bile acids using an oesophageal cell line (HET-1A)","volume":"18","author":"Sharma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29359","article-title":"The presence and severity of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is associated with specific changes in circulating bile acids","volume":"67","author":"Puri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-016-8006-6","article-title":"Interaction of gut microbiota with bile acid metabolism and its influence on disease states","volume":"101","author":"Staley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI130976","article-title":"A Clostridia-rich microbiota enhances bile acid excretion in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"130","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.06.035","article-title":"New insights into bacterial bile resistance mechanisms: The role of bile salt hydrolase and its impact on human health","volume":"112","author":"Bustos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.119","article-title":"Bile acid\u2013microbiota crosstalk in gastrointestinal inflammation and carcinogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4971","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12896-x","article-title":"Theabrownin from Pu-erh tea attenuates hypercholesterolemia via modulation of gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.05.005","article-title":"Intestinal crosstalk between bile acids and microbiota and its impact on host metabolism","volume":"24","author":"Sayin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M002774","article-title":"The gut microbiota modulates host energy and lipid metabolism in mice","volume":"51","author":"Velagapudi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2024.106975","article-title":"LC-HRMS-based metabolomics and lipidomics analyses of a novel probiotic Akkermansia Muciniphila in response to different nutritional stimulations","volume":"223","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117156","article-title":"Bacteroides ovatus alleviates high-fat and high-cholesterol -induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via gut-liver axis","volume":"178","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, X.S., Li, H.Z., Li, L., Liang, Q., Zhao, Q., Wei, G., Shi, J., and Li, X. (2024). Rodent model of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: A systematic review. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.16749"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46959","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.10506","article-title":"Sex-specific metabolic interactions between liver and adipose tissue in MCD diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28138-6","article-title":"Formyl peptide receptor 2 determines sex-specific differences in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/3\/895\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:33:19Z","timestamp":1759919599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/3\/895"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26030895"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26030895","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]}}}