{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T04:33:23Z","timestamp":1779165203703,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"National Centre for Research and Development in Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POIR.01.01.01-00-0021\/16-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POIR.01.01.01-00-0021\/16-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the biodistribution of polysaccharide-based nanoparticles loaded with epirubicin (POLEPI) compared to epirubicin hydrochloride (EPI) in na\u00efve female nude mice following a single intravenous dose. The inherent fluorescence of epirubicin was tracked using Newton 7 animal imager and Varioskan. Initial whole-animal optical imaging failed to reliably detect epirubicin distribution, necessitating ex vivo imaging of key tissues harvested at intervals between 10 min and 48 h post-injection. Optimal imaging conditions were established using a 5 s exposure time with excitation (Ex)\/emission (Em) at 480 nm\/550 nm. The biodistribution of POLEPI was further evaluated in both na\u00efve mice and immunocompromised mice bearing patient-derived ovarian tumors. Unlike epirubicin, POLEPI exhibited notable tissue distribution within 3 h post-injection. By 48 h, fluorescence signals were undetectable in both models, although non-tumored animals exhibited persistent signals. In both models, the liver was the primary organ for POLEPI accumulation, with lower levels in tumored mice. Interestingly, brain fluorescence was higher in POLEPI-treated mice compared to those receiving epirubicin. Neither POLEPI nor epirubicin accumulated in the spleen or bone marrow. In tumors, POLEPI fluorescence peaked at 24 h, with levels 2.1 times higher than in the epirubicin-treated group over a 48 h period. Furthermore, POLEPI uptake in tumors exceeded that in healthy ovaries, with the most significant tumor-to-healthy-ovary ratio observed between 6 and 24 h post-injection. These findings demonstrate that POLEPI, a novel polyaldehydedextran nanoparticle formulation, exhibits enhanced accumulation and retention in tumor tissue compared to epirubicin, with preferential distribution to the orthotopic tumor-bearing ovary over healthy ovarian tissue. The inherent fluorescence of epirubicin provided a rapid and cost-effective means of estimating biodistribution, although the limitations of this method\u2014particularly, the inability to differentiate between the parent drug and its metabolites\u2014were acknowledged.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26030970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T03:26:31Z","timestamp":1737689191000},"page":"970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Biodistribution of Polyaldehydedextran Nanoparticle-Encapsulated Epirubicin in Ovarian Tumor-Bearing Mice via Optical Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3889-7744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wioletta","family":"Ko\u015bnik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NanoVelos S.A., Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Sikorska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NanoVelos S.A., Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Kiciak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NanoGroup S.A., Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8726-8944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Ciach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NanoVelos S.A., Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"NanoGroup S.A., Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wary\u0144skiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kashyap, A., Kumari, M., Singh, A., Mukherjee, K., and Maity, D. 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