{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T13:42:53Z","timestamp":1789825373277,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/31\/N\/NZ5\/03931"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/31\/N\/NZ5\/03931"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) affects the circadian clock in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and may have a bidirectional relationship with circadian mechanisms. This study examined the link between circadian clock and HIF-1 in OSA patients versus controls. Methods: 70 participants underwent polysomnography (PSG), and were assigned into OSA (apnea\u2013hypopnea index (AHI) \u2265 5, n = 54) or control (AHI &lt; 5, n = 16) groups. BMAL1 (brain and muscle ARNT like 1), CLOCK (circadian locomotor output cycles kaput), PER1 (period 1), CRY1 (cryptochrome 1), HIF-1\u03b1, and HIF-1\u03b2 gene expressions and protein levels were measured in evening and morning samples, collected before and after PSG. Results: The OSA group was characterized by increased CLOCK, CRY1, PER1 and HIF-1a protein levels, both in the morning and evening (all p &lt; 0.05), and decreased morning expression of BMAL1 (p = 0.02). Associations between almost all circadian clock gene expressions and both HIF-1 subunits were observed in the OSA group at both time points (all p &lt; 0.05), apart from association between PER1 and HIF-1\u03b1 in the morning (R = 0.050, p = 0.73). In controls, only a correlation between HIF-1\u03b1 levels and CRY1 expression in the morning (R = 0.588, p = 0.02) was found. Conclusions: OSA affects the circadian clock and HIF-1 pathway, with increased CLOCK, CRY1, PER1, and HIF-1\u03b1 protein levels observed in OSA patients. The interplay between these systems may involve complex posttranscriptional and posttranslational mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26030971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T03:26:31Z","timestamp":1737689191000},"page":"971","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Elucidating the Interplay of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor and Circadian Clock Signaling in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4430-6488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Gabryelska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorder, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szymon","family":"Turkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorder, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7445-9752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Gajewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Bia\u0142asiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorder, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8559-1078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominik","family":"Strzelecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Ditmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorder, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8311-9530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Cha\u0142ubi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2122-0304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Sochal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorder, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-021-02472-3","article-title":"Examination of the Diaphragm in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Using Ultrasound Imaging","volume":"26","author":"Lakner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turkiewicz, S., Ditmer, M., Sochal, M., Bia\u0142asiewicz, P., Strzelecki, D., and Gabryelska, A. 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