{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:40:44Z","timestamp":1759970444830,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of General Medical Sciences (Bethesda, Maryland) USA","award":["R01GM110674"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM110674"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is a growing concern worldwide about the potential harmful effects of anesthesia on brain development, based on studies in both humans and animals. In infants, repeated anesthesia exposure is linked to learning disabilities and attention disorders. Similarly, laboratory studies in mice show that neonates exposed to general anesthesia experience long-term cognitive and behavioral impairments. Inhaled anesthetics affect the postsynaptic density (PSD)-95, discs large homolog, and zona occludens-1 (PDZ) domains. The disruption of the synaptic PSD95-PDZ2 domain-mediated protein interactions leads to a loss of spine plasticity and cognitive deficits in juvenile mice. The nitric oxide-mediated protein kinase-G signaling pathway enhances synaptic plasticity also by activating extracellular signal-regulated kinase, which subsequently phosphorylates cAMP-response element binding protein, a crucial transcription factor for memory formation. Exposure to isoflurane or postsynaptic density-95-PDZ2-wildtype peptides results in decreased levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) and phosphorylated cAMP-response element binding protein (p-CREB), which are critical for synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Pizotifen treatment after isoflurane or postsynaptic density-95-PDZ2-wildtype peptide exposure in mice prevented decline in p-ERK levels, preserved learning and memory functions at 5 weeks of age, and maintained mushroom spine density at 7 weeks of age. Protein kinase-G activation by components of the nitric oxide signaling pathway leads to the stabilization of dendritic spines and synaptic connections. Concurrently, the ERK\/CREB pathway, which is crucial for synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation, is supported and maintained by pizotifen, thereby preventing cognitive deficits caused in response to isoflurane or postsynaptic density-95-PDZ2-wildtype peptide exposure. Activation of ERK signaling cascade by pizotifen helps to prevent cognitive impairment and spine loss in response to postsynaptic density-95-PDZ2 domain disruption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26030981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T04:32:22Z","timestamp":1737693142000},"page":"981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Disruption of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Partially Mediates Neonatal Isoflurane Anesthesia-Induced Changes in Dendritic Spines and Cognitive Function in Juvenile Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Swati","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Bochkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mazen K.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele L.","family":"Schaefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Skinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roger A.","family":"Johns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000001295","article-title":"Unanswered questions of anesthesia neurotoxicity in the developing brain","volume":"36","author":"Ing","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. 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