{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T15:53:36Z","timestamp":1766159616947,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":171,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]],"date-time":"2025-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vasoactive molecules are central regulators of vascular tone, angiogenesis and inflammation. Key molecular agents include nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1 (ET-1), prostacyclin, free triiodothyronine (fT3), leptin, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). Dysregulation of these compounds can lead to endothelial dysfunction, an early predictor of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Maintaining endothelial health is thus essential for vascular homeostasis and cardiovascular risk prevention. Regular exercise serves as a vital protective measure against CVD and the risk of cardiovascular conditions. However, young athletes often significantly exceed recommended levels of training load, engaging in highly intensive training that leads to substantial physiological adaptations. Despite this, research on the impact of exercise on vasoactive substances in children and adolescents, particularly young athletes, is limited and inconsistent. Most studies focus on those with pre-existing conditions, like obesity or diabetes mellitus. Existing findings suggest exercise may favorably affect vascular biomarkers in youth, but methodological variations hinder consistent conclusions. This literature review examines 68 studies on the effects of exercise on vascular molecules in children and adolescents, young athletes, and children and adolescents with pre-existing conditions, offering deeper insights into how exercise may influence vascular health at the molecular level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26031027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T03:54:27Z","timestamp":1737950067000},"page":"1027","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Molecular Mechanisms of Vascular Tone in Exercising Pediatric Populations: A Comprehensive Overview on Endothelial, Antioxidative, Metabolic and Lipoprotein Signaling Molecules"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jonas","family":"Haferanke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Health and Sport Sciences, Institute of Preventive Pediatrics, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 80992 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Baumgartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Health and Sport Sciences, Institute of Preventive Pediatrics, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 80992 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8577-4480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Willinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Health and Sport Sciences, Institute of Preventive Pediatrics, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 80992 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3166-0488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renate","family":"Oberhoffer-Fritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Health and Sport Sciences, Institute of Preventive Pediatrics, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 80992 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thorsten","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Health and Sport Sciences, Institute of Preventive Pediatrics, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 80992 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01430-7","article-title":"Signaling pathways in vascular function and hypertension: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kr\u00fcger-Genge, A., Blocki, A., Franke, R.P., and Jung, F. (2019). Vascular Endothelial Cell Biology: An Update. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20184411"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.2174\/1874192401004010302","article-title":"The endothelium and its role in regulating vascular tone","volume":"4","author":"Sandoo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Cardiovasc. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2016.04.006","article-title":"Endothelium-Dependent Contractions: Prostacyclin and Endothelin-1, Partners in Crime?","volume":"77","author":"Baretella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stitham, J., Midgett, C., Martin, K.A., and Hwa, J. (2011). Prostacyclin: An inflammatory paradox. Front. Pharmacol., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2011.00024"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malekmohammad, K., Bezsonov, E.E., and Rafieian-Kopaei, M. (2021). Role of Lipid Accumulation and Inflammation in Atherosclerosis: Focus on Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.707529"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2015.09.002","article-title":"Vascular nitric oxide: Beyond eNOS","volume":"129","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"147","article-title":"Vascular Nitric Oxide: Formation and Function","volume":"2010","author":"Jin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Blood Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00772.2016","article-title":"Vascular function and endothelin-1: Tipping the balance between vasodilation and vasoconstriction","volume":"122","author":"Nishiyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rapoport, R.M., and Merkus, D. (2017). Endothelin-1 Regulation of Exercise-Induced Changes in Flow: Dynamic Regulation of Vascular Tone. Front. Pharmacol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00517"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S1078-5884(03)00385-X","article-title":"Prostacyclin: A Vascular Mediator","volume":"26","author":"Vane","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14104","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601600103","article-title":"Rapid nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone","volume":"103","author":"Hiroi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.1.168","article-title":"Leptin Effect on Endothelial Nitric Oxide Is Mediated Through Akt\u2013Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Phosphorylation Pathway","volume":"51","author":"Vecchione","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, H., Zhou, Y., Nabavi, S.M., Sahebkar, A., Little, P.J., Xu, S., Weng, J., and Ge, J. (2022). Mechanisms of Oxidized LDL-Mediated Endothelial Dysfunction and Its Consequences for the Development of Atherosclerosis. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.925923"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200421072","article-title":"HDL action on the vascular wall: Is the answer NO?","volume":"113","author":"Shaul","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2011.3999","article-title":"Superoxide dismutases: Role in redox signaling, vascular function, and diseases","volume":"15","author":"Fukai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.004","article-title":"The role of glutathione peroxidase-1 in health and disease","volume":"188","author":"Handy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161120666211227143459","article-title":"Interleukin-10 in the Vasculature: Pathophysiological Implications","volume":"20","author":"Lima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.161224","article-title":"Chemokines in Vascular Dysfunction and Remodeling","volume":"28","author":"Schober","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e651","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.651","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction: Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2011-068","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction: The early predictor of atherosclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Mudau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. J. Afr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.07.012","article-title":"A systems view of the vascular endothelium in health and disease","volume":"187","author":"Augustin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313237","article-title":"Emerging Roles of Vascular Endothelium in Metabolic Homeostasis","volume":"123","author":"Pi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52004.x","article-title":"The PDAY Study: Natural history, risk factors, and pathobiology. Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth","volume":"811","author":"Strong","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.043851","article-title":"Association of Physical Activity With Vascular Endothelial Function and Intima-Media Thickness","volume":"124","author":"Pahkala","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00019.2013","article-title":"Exercise is the real polypill","volume":"28","author":"Garatachea","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv090","article-title":"Exercise and the heart: The good, the bad, and the ugly","volume":"36","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2010). WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2147\/OAJSM.S96821","article-title":"The elite young athlete: Strategies to ensure physical and emotional health","volume":"7","author":"Sabato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Access J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.2022.2113987","article-title":"Training volume recommendations and psychosocial outcomes in adolescent athletes","volume":"51","author":"Little","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Sportsmed."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00630-0","article-title":"Cardiac remodeling--concepts and clinical implications: A consensus paper from an international forum on cardiac remodeling. Behalf of an International Forum on Cardiac Remodeling","volume":"35","author":"Cohn","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00014.2016","article-title":"Vascular Adaptation to Exercise in Humans: Role of Hemodynamic Stimuli","volume":"97","author":"Green","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nystoriak, M.A., and Bhatnagar, A. (2018). Cardiovascular Effects and Benefits of Exercise. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2018.00135"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.04.005","article-title":"Potential adverse cardiovascular effects from excessive endurance exercise","volume":"87","author":"Patil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2011.058826","article-title":"Vascular adaptation in athletes: Is there an \u2018athlete\u2019s artery\u2019?","volume":"97","author":"Green","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baumgartner, L., Weberru\u00df, H., Appel, K., Engl, T., Goeder, D., Oberhoffer-Fritz, R., and Schulz, T. (2021). Improved Carotid Elasticity but Altered Central Hemodynamics and Carotid Structure in Young Athletes. Front. Sports Act. Living, 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2021.633873"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.16-108","article-title":"Effects of exercise training on nitric oxide, blood pressure and antioxidant enzymes","volume":"60","author":"Tsukiyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2022.01.005","article-title":"Role of nitric oxide in convective and diffusive skeletal muscle microvascular oxygen kinetics","volume":"121","author":"Poole","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H76","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00708.2019","article-title":"The effects of exercise training on lipid metabolism and coronary heart disease","volume":"319","author":"Muscella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Powers, S.K., Goldstein, E., Schrager, M., and Ji, L.L. (2022). Exercise Training and Skeletal Muscle Antioxidant Enzymes: An Update. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12010039"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Docherty, S., Harley, R., McAuley, J.J., Crowe, L.A.N., Pedret, C., Kirwan, P.D., Siebert, S., and Millar, N.L. (2022). The effect of exercise on cytokines: Implications for musculoskeletal health: A narrative review. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-022-00397-2"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1142107","article-title":"Effects of 12 weeks of combined training without caloric restriction on inflammatory markers in overweight girls","volume":"34","author":"Lopes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2015.1064150","article-title":"Health markers in obese adolescents improved by a 12-week recreational soccer program: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"34","author":"Vasconcellos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2010.01736.x","article-title":"Antioxidant enzyme activities and DNA damage in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus after 12 weeks of exercise","volume":"99","author":"Woo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309326","article-title":"Roles of Vascular Oxidative Stress and Nitric Oxide in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis","volume":"120","author":"Xia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, Y., Jia, H., Hua, Y., Wu, C., Li, S., Li, K., Liang, Z., and Wang, Y. (2022). The Molecular Mechanism of Aerobic Exercise Improving Vascular Remodeling in Hypertension. Front. Physiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.792292"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e328356dd57","article-title":"Impaired formation of vasodilators in peripheral tissue in essential hypertension is normalized by exercise training: Role of adenosine and prostacyclin","volume":"30","author":"Hellsten","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2015.127","article-title":"Exercise is a double-edged sword for endothelial function","volume":"39","author":"Higashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.12.265","article-title":"Redox balance in human skeletal muscle-derived endothelial cells\u2014Effect of exercise training","volume":"179","author":"Hansen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H233","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.278.1.H233","article-title":"Cross talk of shear-induced production of prostacyclin and nitric oxide in endothelial cells","volume":"278","author":"Osanai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(01)01192-4","article-title":"Effects of exercise training of 8 weeks and detraining on plasma levels of endothelium-derived factors, endothelin-1 and nitric oxide, in healthy young humans","volume":"69","author":"Maeda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.10-161612","article-title":"Endothelin-1 gene regulation","volume":"25","author":"Stow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Faseb J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.47.120505.105134","article-title":"Contrasting actions of endothelin ET(A) and ET(B) receptors in cardiovascular disease","volume":"47","author":"Schneider","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.115.011833","article-title":"Endothelin","volume":"68","author":"Davenport","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-014-0310-1","article-title":"The role of endothelin-1 and endothelin receptor antagonists in inflammatory response and sepsis","volume":"63","author":"Kowalczyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Michael, H., Nick, D., and Yaso, K. (2013). The Positive and Negative Aspects of Reactive Oxygen Species in Sports Performance. Current Issues in Sports and Exercise Medicine, IntechOpen. Chapter 6."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2020.04.001","article-title":"Exercise-induced oxidative stress: Friend or foe?","volume":"9","author":"Powers","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sport. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.2002.01021.x","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in professional American football players during competition","volume":"32","author":"Schippinger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.00995","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction in small arteries of essential hypertensive patients: Role of cyclooxygenase-2 in oxidative stress generation","volume":"62","author":"Virdis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2302\/kjm.60.1","article-title":"Leptin and the regulation of body weigh","volume":"60","author":"Friedman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Keio J. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tadokoro, S., Ide, S., Tokuyama, R., Umeki, H., Tatehara, S., Kataoka, S., and Satomura, K. (2015). Leptin promotes wound healing in the skin. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121242"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-021-09687-5","article-title":"Leptin as a key regulator of the adipose organ","volume":"23","author":"Palou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3238","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.741645","article-title":"Leptin and cardiovascular disease: Response to therapeutic interventions","volume":"117","author":"Koh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vilari\u00f1o-Garc\u00eda, T., Polonio-Gonz\u00e1lez, M.L., P\u00e9rez-P\u00e9rez, A., Ribalta, J., Arrieta, F., Aguilar, M., Obaya, J.C., Gimeno-Orna, J.A., Iglesias, P., and Navarro, J. (2024). Role of Leptin in Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, and Type 2 Diabetes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042338"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2006.03.003","article-title":"Leptin and atherosclerosis","volume":"189","author":"Beltowski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5383.1683","article-title":"Biological action of leptin as an angiogenic factor","volume":"281","author":"Nath","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/21224","article-title":"Activation of nitric oxide synthase in endothelial cells by Akt-dependent phosphorylation","volume":"399","author":"Dimmeler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"172","article-title":"Leptin, its implication in physical exercise and training: A short review","volume":"5","author":"Bouassida","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fontana, A., Vieira, J.G., Vianna, J.M., Bichowska, M., Krzysztofik, M., Wilk, M., and Reis, V.M. (2023). Reduction of leptin levels during acute exercise is dependent on fasting but not on caloric restriction during chronic exercise: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288730"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ludwig, C., Knoll-Pientka, N., Mwanri, A., Erfle, C., Onywera, V., Tremblay, M.S., B\u00fchlmeier, J., Luzak, A., Ferland, M., and Schulz, H. (2022). Low leptin levels are associated with elevated physical activity among lean school children in rural Tanzania. BMC Public Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-12949-9"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.02.045","article-title":"Thyroid Hormones and Cardiovascular Function and Diseases","volume":"71","author":"Razvi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Gioia, G., Squeo, M.R., Lemme, E., Maestrini, V., Monosilio, S., Ferrera, A., Buzzelli, L., Valente, D., and Pelliccia, A. (2024). Association between FT3 Levels and Exercise-Induced Cardiac Remodeling in Elite Athletes. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12071530"},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Armstrong, M., Asuka, E., and Fingeret, A. (2024). Physiology, Thyroid Function. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing LLC."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaynullina, D.K., Schubert, R., and Tarasova, O.S. (2019). Changes in Endothelial Nitric Oxide Production in Systemic Vessels during Early Ontogenesis-A Key Mechanism for the Perinatal Adaptation of the Circulatory System. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061421"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370215619042","article-title":"L-Arginine metabolism in cardiovascular and renal tissue from hyper- and hypothyroid rats","volume":"241","author":"Moliz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-33738","article-title":"Training intensity influences leptin and thyroid hormones in highly trained rowers","volume":"23","author":"Simsch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-015-0466-5","article-title":"Correlation Analysis of Exercise-Induced Changes in Plasma Trace Element and Hormone Levels During Incremental Exercise in Well-Trained Athletes","volume":"170","author":"Soria","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-870426","article-title":"Exercise as a stress model and the interplay between the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal and the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axes","volume":"37","author":"Mastorakos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03401537","article-title":"Thyroid hormonal responses to intensive interval versus steady-state endurance exercise sessions","volume":"11","author":"Hackney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-870419","article-title":"Thyroid hormones, cytokines, physical training and metabolic control","volume":"37","author":"Steinacker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2016.174","article-title":"Thyroid hormones and cardiovascular disease","volume":"14","author":"Jabbar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coemr.2019.06.012","article-title":"The thyroid axis, prolactin, and exercise in humans","volume":"9","author":"Hackney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocr. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-0569","article-title":"Free leptin index and thyroid function in male highly trained athletes","volume":"161","author":"Perseghin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971453","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/971453","article-title":"Emerging risk biomarkers in cardiovascular diseases and disorders","volume":"2015","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2018.12.002","article-title":"Cholesterol transport system: An integrated cholesterol transport model involved in atherosclerosis","volume":"73","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61778-4","article-title":"Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure: A meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55,000 vascular deaths","volume":"370","author":"Lewington","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b92","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b92","article-title":"Association between change in high density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality: Systematic review and meta-regression analysis","volume":"338","author":"Briel","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9142","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M211394200","article-title":"High density lipoprotein-induced endothelial nitric-oxide synthase activation is mediated by Akt and MAP kinases","volume":"278","author":"Mineo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1140-4","article-title":"SR-B1 drives endothelial cell LDL transcytosis via DOCK4 to promote atherosclerosis","volume":"569","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvad183","article-title":"Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 regulates the transendothelial transport of HDL and LDL in opposite ways","volume":"120","author":"Velagapudi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1038\/89986","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein binding to scavenger receptor-BI activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase","volume":"7","author":"Yuhanna","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186365","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/186365","article-title":"High Density Lipoprotein: Assembly, Structure, Cargo, and Functions","volume":"2013","author":"Murphy","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Physiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00047.2003","article-title":"Role of oxidative modifications in atherosclerosis","volume":"84","author":"Stocker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanciulescu, L.A., Scafa-Udriste, A., and Dorobantu, M. (2023). Exploring the Association between Low-Density Lipoprotein Subfractions and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes-A Comprehensive Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076669"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2009.2733","article-title":"Oxidized LDL: Diversity, patterns of recognition, and pathophysiology","volume":"13","author":"Levitan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvp177","article-title":"LOX-1-MT1-MMP axis is crucial for RhoA and Rac1 activation induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein in endothelial cells","volume":"84","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-09-0587","article-title":"Lox-1: The multifunctional receptor underlying cardiovascular dysfunction","volume":"73","author":"Ogura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2017.11.005","article-title":"Effects of endurance training on serum lipids","volume":"101","author":"Fikenzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franczyk, B., Gluba-Brz\u00f3zka, A., Cia\u0142kowska-Rysz, A., \u0141awi\u0144ski, J., and Rysz, J. (2023). The Impact of Aerobic Exercise on HDL Quantity and Quality: A Narrative Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054653"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.10.999","article-title":"Effect of aerobic exercise training on serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: A meta-analysis","volume":"167","author":"Kodama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-017-0515-5","article-title":"Effects of aerobic exercise on lipids and lipoproteins","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0110-5","article-title":"Differential effects of aerobic exercise, resistance training and combined exercise modalities on cholesterol and the lipid profile: Review, synthesis and recommendations","volume":"44","author":"Mann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schardt, C., Adams, M.B., Owens, T., Keitz, S., and Fontelo, P. (2007). Utilization of the PICO framework to improve searching PubMed for clinical questions. BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-7-16"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.2018-0178","article-title":"Beneficial Impact of Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity Program on Circulating Number and Functional Capacity of Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Children: The Crucial Role of Nitric Oxide and VEGF-A","volume":"31","author":"Souza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1139\/h06-020","article-title":"Effects of physical conditioning on lipids and arachidonic acid metabolites in untrained boys: A longitudinal study","volume":"31","author":"Stergioulas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.22.1.60","article-title":"Effect of wrestling exercise on oxidative DNA damage, nitric oxide level and paraoxonase activity in adolescent boys","volume":"22","author":"Hamurcu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-011-0732-6","article-title":"The influence of training status on oxidative stress in young male handball players","volume":"351","author":"Djordjevic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J.H., Miyashita, M., Kwon, Y.C., Park, H.T., Kim, E.H., Park, J.K., Park, K.B., Yoon, S.R., Chung, J.W., and Nakamura, Y. (2012). A 12-week after-school physical activity programme improves endothelial cell function in overweight and obese children: A randomised controlled study. BMC Pediatr., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-12-111"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.2017-0198","article-title":"The Effects of a 12-Week Combined Exercise Training Program on Arterial Stiffness, Vasoactive Substances, Inflammatory Markers, Metabolic Profile, and Body Composition in Obese Adolescent Girls","volume":"30","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2010.04.006","article-title":"The beneficial effects of physical exercise on antioxidant status in asthmatic children","volume":"39","author":"Onur","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allergol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1080\/10641963.2017.1288742","article-title":"Combined exercise training reduces blood pressure, arterial stiffness, and insulin resistance in obese prehypertensive adolescent girls","volume":"39","author":"Son","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2010.10.006","article-title":"Effects of physical exercise on lung injury and oxidant stress in children with asthma","volume":"40","author":"Gunay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Allergol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2018.10.009","article-title":"Improvement of microvascular endothelial dysfunction induced by exercise and diet is associated with microRNA-126 in obese adolescents","volume":"123","author":"Donghui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"8","article-title":"Endothelin-1 and Exercise Intensity in Sedentary Adolescents with Obesity","volume":"3","author":"Starkoff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Kinesiol. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"340","article-title":"The effect of moderate swimming exercise on antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation levels in children","volume":"44","author":"Gonenc","year":"2000","journal-title":"Indian. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-019-02037-1","article-title":"In early pubertal boys, testosterone and LH are associated with improved anti-oxidation during an aerobic exercise bout","volume":"66","author":"Paltoglou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1556\/APhysiol.100.2013.1.6","article-title":"Alteration in basal redox state of young male soccer players after a six-month training programme","volume":"100","author":"Zivkovic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Hung."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15167","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140715167","article-title":"Serum oxidant and antioxidant status following an all-out 21-km run in adolescent runners undergoing professional training--a one-year prospective trial","volume":"14","author":"Tong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.20.4.291","article-title":"Altered antioxidant and trace-element status in adolescent female gymnasts","volume":"20","author":"Alshammari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport. Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-955087","article-title":"Ghrelin response to acute aerobic exercise in boys at different stages of puberty","volume":"38","author":"Pomerants","year":"2006","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"177","article-title":"The relationship between serum leptin and VO2max levels in pre-puberty swimmer girls: Effect of acute exercise","volume":"22","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2017.1315177","article-title":"Body composition and inflammatory markers in pubertal girls: Comparison between athletes and non-athletic controls","volume":"17","author":"Tamm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport. Sci."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1177\/147323000903700523","article-title":"The effect of exercise on leptin, insulin, cortisol and lipid profiles in obese children","volume":"37","author":"Karacabey","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1140219","article-title":"Effects of 6-month soccer and traditional physical activity programmes on body composition, cardiometabolic risk factors, inflammatory, oxidative stress markers and cardiorespiratory fitness in obese boys","volume":"34","author":"Seabra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"325","article-title":"Effect of exercise training and detraining on serum leptin levels in obese young boys","volume":"66","author":"Fazelifar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Dello Sport"},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"2298994","article-title":"Effects of Aerobic Exercise on the Serum Leptin Level and Heart Rate Variability in the Obese Girl Children","volume":"2022","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Intell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03220.x","article-title":"Short- and long-term relationships of serum ghrelin with changes in body composition and the metabolic syndrome in prepubescent obese children following two different weight loss programmes","volume":"69","author":"Kelishadi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2012.12.011","article-title":"Leptin, adiponectin, and short-term and long-term weight loss after a lifestyle intervention in obese children","volume":"29","author":"Siegrist","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-5996-4-27","article-title":"The effects of exercise on C-reactive protein, insulin, leptin and some cardiometabolic risk factors in Egyptian children with or without metabolic syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Kamal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2015-0384","article-title":"Plyometric exercise combined with high-intensity interval training improves metabolic abnormalities in young obese females more so than interval training alone","volume":"41","author":"Racil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2009.01365.x","article-title":"Effect of individualized weight-loss programmes on adiponectin, leptin and resistin levels in obese adolescent boys","volume":"98","author":"Elloumi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2004.07.001","article-title":"Aerobic endurance, energy expenditure, and serum leptin response in obese, sedentary, prepubertal children and adolescents participating in a short-term treadmill protocol","volume":"20","author":"Souza","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/S1728-869X(10)60008-1","article-title":"Effects of Short-Term Resistance Training on Serum Leptin Levels in Obese Adolescents","volume":"8","author":"Lau","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Sci. Fit."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-3779","article-title":"Adiposity, lipid levels, and brief endurance training in nonobese adolescent males","volume":"21","author":"Eliakim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buchan, D.S., Ollis, S., Young, J.D., Cooper, S.M., Shield, J.P., and Baker, J.S. (2013). High intensity interval running enhances measures of physical fitness but not metabolic measures of cardiovascular disease risk in healthy adolescents. BMC Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-498"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00663.2011","article-title":"High-intensity training improves airway responsiveness in inactive nonasthmatic children: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial","volume":"112","author":"Rosenkranz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000117132.70711.2B","article-title":"Lipid-lipoproteins in children: An exercise dose-response study","volume":"36","author":"Tolfrey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-36342010000500007","article-title":"The effect of exercise on cardiovascular risk markers in Mexican school-aged children: Comparison between two structured group routines","volume":"52","year":"2010","journal-title":"Salud. Publica Mex."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2000.tb00753.x","article-title":"Effect of training on peak oxygen uptake and blood lipids in 13 to 14-year-old girls","volume":"89","author":"Stoedefalke","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.5812\/ijem.8178","article-title":"The Effects of Rope Training on Lymphocyte ABCA1 Expression, Plasma ApoA-I and HDL-c in Boy Adolescents","volume":"11","author":"Ghorbanian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-13-95","article-title":"The role of exercise training on lipoprotein profiles in adolescent males","volume":"13","author":"Koozehchian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.08.004","article-title":"Inflammation, insulin, and endothelial function in overweight children and adolescents: The role of exercise","volume":"145","author":"Kelly","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000161959.04675.5A","article-title":"Diet and Exercise Training Restore Blood Pressure and Vasodilatory Responses During Physiological Maneuvers in Obese Children","volume":"111","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"664","article-title":"Exercise training improves body composition, blood lipid profile and serum insulin levels in obese children","volume":"51","author":"Zorba","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"393","article-title":"Aerobic training programs and glycemic control in diabetic children in relation to exercise frequency","volume":"51","author":"Aouadi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-013-2689-5","article-title":"Effects of high vs. moderate exercise intensity during interval training on lipids and adiponectin levels in obese young females","volume":"113","author":"Racil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000126599.47470.BE","article-title":"Effects of diet and exercise on obesity-related vascular dysfunction in children","volume":"109","author":"Woo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.4070\/kcj.2010.40.4.179","article-title":"The effects of an exercise program on anthropometric, metabolic, and cardiovascular parameters in obese children","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Korean Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1556\/APhysiol.96.2009.3.7","article-title":"School-based exercise program improves fitness, body composition and cardiovascular risk profile in overweight\/obese children","volume":"96","author":"Martos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Hung."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem.2010.168","article-title":"Effects of a Structured Exercise Program on Insulin Resistance, Inflammatory Markers and Physical Fitness in Obese Korean Children","volume":"23","author":"Chae","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R552","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00131.2013","article-title":"Effects of an intensive short-term diet and exercise intervention: Comparison between normal-weight and obese children","volume":"305","author":"Roberts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802875","article-title":"Freiburg Intervention Trial for Obese Children (FITOC): Results of a clinical observation study","volume":"29","author":"Wolfarth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2007.089953","article-title":"Association of changes in oxidative and proinflammatory states with changes in vascular function after a lifestyle modification trial among obese children","volume":"54","author":"Kelishadi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.2016.1248223","article-title":"The response of circulating omentin-1 concentration to 16-week exercise training in male children with obesity","volume":"44","author":"Zehsaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Sport."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.07.035","article-title":"Improvement of early vascular changes and cardiovascular risk factors in obese children after a six-month exercise program","volume":"48","author":"Meyer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.08.030","article-title":"Physical activity reduces systemic blood pressure and improves early markers of atherosclerosis in pre-pubertal obese children","volume":"54","author":"Aggoun","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_157","first-page":"323","article-title":"One-hour after-school exercise ameliorates central adiposity and lipids in overweight Chinese adolescents: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"124","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.86.6.407","article-title":"Effects of dietary intervention and strength training on blood lipid level in obese children","volume":"86","author":"Sung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2324839","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.24839","article-title":"Effects of an Exercise Program on Cardiometabolic and Mental Health in Children With Overweight or Obesity: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"6","author":"Migueles","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2008.5","article-title":"The effect of high-intensity progressive resistance training on adiposity in children: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Benson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V37N4p286","article-title":"Effects of a 12-week exercise training programme on aerobic fitness, body composition, blood lipids and C-reactive protein in adolescents with obesity","volume":"37","author":"Wong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Acad. Med. Singap."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13044-023-00149-5","article-title":"Age-related variation in thyroid function\u2014A narrative review highlighting important implications for research and clinical practice","volume":"16","author":"Taylor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thyroid. Res."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S443","DOI":"10.1097\/01.fjc.0000166319.91623.b0","article-title":"Resistance exercise training reduces plasma endothelin-1 concentration in healthy young humans","volume":"44","author":"Maeda","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/S1734-1140(10)70305-4","article-title":"Endurance training increases exercise-induced prostacyclin release in young, healthy men--relationship with VO2max","volume":"62","author":"Zoladz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arefirad, T., Seif, E., Sepidarkish, M., Mohammadian Khonsari, N., Mousavifar, S.A., Yazdani, S., Rahimi, F., Einollahi, F., Heshmati, J., and Qorbani, M. (2022). Effect of exercise training on nitric oxide and nitrate\/nitrite (NOx) production: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Physiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.953912"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-865634","article-title":"Antioxidant status of interval-trained athletes in various sports","volume":"27","author":"Harbula","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souissi, W., Bouzid, M.A., Farjallah, M.A., Ben Mahmoud, L., Boudaya, M., Engel, F.A., and Sahnoun, Z. (2020). Effect of Different Running Exercise Modalities on Post-Exercise Oxidative Stress Markers in Trained Athletes. Int. J. Env. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17103729"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, E., Kong, S.Y., Ro, Y.S., Ryu, H.H., and Shin, S.D. (2022). Serum Cholesterol Levels and Risk of Cardiovascular Death: A Systematic Review and a Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Int. J. Env. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148272"},{"key":"ref_169","unstructured":"Gujral, J., and Gupta, J. (2025). Pediatric Dyslipidemia. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing LLC."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2024.09.005","article-title":"The MuCAYAplus Study\u2014Influence of Physical Activity and Metabolic Parameters on the Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular System in Young Athletes","volume":"6","author":"Haferanke","year":"2024","journal-title":"CJC Open"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leon-Mimila, P., Wang, J., and Huertas-Vazquez, A. (2019). Relevance of Multi-Omics Studies in Cardiovascular Diseases. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2019.00091"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/3\/1027\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:36:03Z","timestamp":1759919763000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/3\/1027"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]]},"references-count":171,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26031027"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26031027","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]]}}}