{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:10:45Z","timestamp":1791846645506,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]],"date-time":"2025-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Postmortem interval (PMI) estimation is a challenge of utmost importance in forensic daily practice. Traditional methods face limitations in accuracy and reliability, particularly for advanced decomposition stages. Recent advances in \u201comics\u201d sciences, providing a holistic view of postmortem biochemical changes, offer promising avenues for overcoming these challenges. This systematic review aims at investigating the role of mass-spectrometry-based \u201comics\u201d approaches in PMI estimation to elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying predictable time-dependent biochemical alterations occurring after death. A systematic search was performed, adhering to PRISMA guidelines, through \u201cfree-text\u201d protocols in the databases PubMed, SCOPUS and Web of Science. The inclusion criteria were as follows: experimental studies analyzing, as investigated samples, animal or human corpses in toto or in parts and estimating PMI through MS-based untargeted omics approaches, with full texts in the English language. Quality assessment was performed using STROBE and ARRIVE critical appraisal checklists. A total of 1152 papers were screened and 26 included. Seventeen papers adopted a proteomic approach (65.4%), nine focused on metabolomics (34.6%) and two on lipidomics (7.7%). Most papers (57.7%) focused on short PMIs (&lt;7 days), the remaining papers explored medium (7\u2013120 days) (30.77%) and long PMIs (&gt;120 days) (15.4%). Muscle tissue was the most frequently analyzed substrate (34.6% of papers), followed by liver (19.2%), bones (15.4%), cardiac blood and leaking fluids (11.5%), lung, kidney and serum (7.7%), and spleen, vitreous humor and heart (3.8%). Predictable time-dependent degradation patterns of macromolecules in different biological substrates have been discussed, with special attention to molecular insights into postmortem biochemical changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26031034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T03:54:27Z","timestamp":1737950067000},"page":"1034","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["\u201cOmics\u201d and Postmortem Interval Estimation: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1571-6653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Secco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via G. Falloppio 50, 35121 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2567-0160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Palumbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via G. Falloppio 50, 35121 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Padalino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via G. Falloppio 50, 35121 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Grosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via G. Falloppio 50, 35121 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4893-3008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Perilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via G. Falloppio 50, 35121 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Casonato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via G. Falloppio 50, 35121 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Cecchetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Legal Medicine, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9769-535X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"Viel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Legal Medicine and Toxicology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via G. Falloppio 50, 35121 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-023-04822-4","article-title":"Estimating the Time of Human Decomposition Based on Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Samples Utilizing an Untargeted LC\u2013MS\/MS-Based Proteomics Approach","volume":"415","author":"Brockbals","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.02.048","article-title":"Examination of the Temporal Variation of Peptide Content in Decomposition Fluid under Controlled Conditions Using Pigs as Human Substitutes","volume":"298","author":"Nolan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. 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