{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:47:02Z","timestamp":1789588022182,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]],"date-time":"2025-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myokine is a general term for hormones, peptides, and other substances secreted by skeletal muscle. Myokine has attracted much attention in recent years as a key substance for understanding the mechanism of \u201cexercise and health\u201d. Skeletal muscle accounts for about 40% of the total human weight and is now recognized as an endocrine organ that produces myokines, which have physiological activity. Representative myokines include IL-6, myostatin, irisin, brain-derived neurotropic factor, fibroblast growth factor-21, and decorin. On the other hand, sarcopenia, defined by quantitative and qualitative loss of skeletal muscle, is a condition that has received much attention in recent years because of its close correlation with prognosis. In patients with chronic liver disease (CLD), sarcopenia is a common complication. Mechanisms underlying sarcopenia in CLD patients have been reported to involve protein-energy malnutrition, which is characteristic of patients with cirrhosis, signaling involved in protein synthesis and degradation, myokines such as myostatin and decorin, the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, sex hormones such as testosterone, dysbiosis, and insulin resistance, etc., in addition to aging. Each of these pathological conditions is thought to be intricately related to each other, leading to sarcopenia. This review will summarize the relationship between CLD and myokines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26031043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T03:54:27Z","timestamp":1737950067000},"page":"1043","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Role of Myokines in Liver Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Nishikawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7, Daigakumachi, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo Ki","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Kobe Asahi Hospital, Kobe 653-8501, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2915-7875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akira","family":"Asai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7, Daigakumachi, Takatsuki 569-8686, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barclay, C., and Curtin, N. (2023). Advances in understanding the energetics of muscle contraction. J. Biomech., 156.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2023.111669"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00080.2007","article-title":"Role of myokines in exercise and metabolism","volume":"103","author":"Pedersen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2012.49","article-title":"Muscles, exercise and obesity: Skeletal muscle as a secretory organ","volume":"8","author":"Pedersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00641-2","article-title":"Exerkines in health, resilience and disease","volume":"18","author":"Chow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scisciola, L., Fontanella, R.A., Cataldo, V., Paolisso, G., and Barbieri, M. (2021). Sarcopenia and Cognitive Function: Role of Myokines in Muscle Brain Cross-Talk. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/life11020173"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghanemi, A., Yoshioka, M., and St-Amand, J. (2022). Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine as an Exercise-Induced Gene: Towards Novel Molecular Therapies for Immobilization-Related Muscle Atrophy in Elderly Patients. Genes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13061014"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mengeste, A.M., Nikoli\u0107, N., Fernandez, A.D., Feng, Y.Z., Nyman, T.A., Kersten, S., Haugen, F., Kase, E.T., Aas, V., and Rustan, A.C. (2022). Insight into the Metabolic Adaptations of Electrically Pulse-Stimulated Human Myotubes Using Global Analysis of the Transcriptome and Proteome. Front. Physiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.928195"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00724-0","article-title":"Lactate as a major myokine and exerkine","volume":"18","author":"Brooks","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21279","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201902468RR","article-title":"Muscle-derived exosomes encapsulate myomiRs and are involved in local skeletal muscle tissue communication","volume":"35","author":"Mytidou","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2010.04.006","article-title":"C2C12 myoblasts release micro-vesicles containing mtDNA and proteins involved in signal transduction","volume":"316","author":"Guescini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aoi, W., and Tanimura, Y. (2021). Roles of Skeletal Muscle-Derived Exosomes in Organ Metabolic and Immunological Communication. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.697204"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00019.2013","article-title":"Exercise is the Real Polypill","volume":"28","author":"Garatachea","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00164.2004","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise","volume":"98","author":"Petersen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.90100.2007","article-title":"Muscle as an Endocrine Organ: Focus on Muscle-Derived Interleukin-6","volume":"88","author":"Pedersen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bay, M.L., and Pedersen, B.K. (2020). Muscle-Organ Crosstalk: Focus on Immunometabolism. Front. Physiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.567881"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2019.07.010","article-title":"Myokines: The endocrine coupling of skeletal muscle and bone","volume":"94","author":"Gomarasca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1126\/science.153.3731.80","article-title":"Mechanism of a Reaction in Vitro Associated with Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity","volume":"153","author":"Bloom","year":"1966","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.01.089","article-title":"Mac-rophage migration inhibitory factor diminishes muscle glucose transport induced by insulin and AICAR in a muscle type-dependent manner","volume":"444","author":"Miyatake","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_310_17","article-title":"Skeletal muscle hypertrophy, insulin-like growth factor 1, myostatin and follistatin in healthy and sarcopenic elderly men: The effect of whole-body resistance training","volume":"10","author":"Negaresh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Planella-Farrugia, C., Comas, F., Sabater-Masdeu, M., Moreno, M., Moreno-Navarrete, J.M., Rovira, O., Ricart, W., and Fern\u00e1ndez-Real, J.M. (2019). Circulating Irisin and Myostatin as Markers of Muscle Strength and Physical Condition in Elderly Subjects. Front. Physiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00871"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bian, A., Ma, Y., Zhou, X., Guo, Y., Wang, W., Zhang, Y., and Wang, X. (2020). Association between sarcopenia and levels of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 in the elderly. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-03236-y"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872152","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/872152","article-title":"Liver Cirrhosis: Evaluation, Nutritional Status, and Prognosis","volume":"2015","author":"Nishikawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.12774","article-title":"Japan Society of Hepatology guide-lines for sarcopenia in liver disease (1st edition): Recommendation from the working group for creation of sarcopenia as-sessment criteria","volume":"46","author":"Nishikawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12210","article-title":"Using two different algorithms to determine the prevalence of sarcopenia","volume":"14","author":"Yoshida","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000208","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Cirrhosis in the United States: A Population-based Study","volume":"49","author":"Scaglione","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-012-0069-3","article-title":"Consilience in sarcopenia of cirrhosis","volume":"3","author":"Dasarathy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cachex-Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.11.006","article-title":"Effect of sarcopenia on survival in patients with cirrhosis: A meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Tantai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.12616","article-title":"Rapid skeletal muscle wasting predicts worse survival in patients with liver cirrhosis","volume":"46","author":"Hanai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13549","article-title":"Review article: Sarcopenia in cirrhosis\u2014Aetiology, implications and potential therapeutic interventions","volume":"43","author":"Sinclair","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12212","article-title":"Elevated serum myostatin level is associated with worse survival in patients with liver cirrhosis","volume":"8","author":"Nishikawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cachex-Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12262","article-title":"Myostatin and beyond in cirrhosis: All roads lead to sarcopenia","volume":"8","author":"Dasarathy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cachex-Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishikawa, H., Enomoto, H., Nishiguchi, S., and Iijima, H. (2020). Liver Cirrhosis and Sarcopenia from the Viewpoint of Dysbiosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155254"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), and European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) (2024). EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the man-agement of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). J. Hepatol., 81, 492\u2013542."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-021-01796-x","article-title":"Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease\/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis 2020","volume":"56","author":"Tokushige","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.01.002","article-title":"Clinical Outcomes in Biopsy-Proven Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients: A Multicenter Registry-based Cohort Study","volume":"21","author":"Fujii","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e162513","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI162513","article-title":"Risk of advanced fibrosis in first-degree relatives of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"132","author":"Tamaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.12.003","article-title":"The Association of Histologic and Noninvasive Tests with Adverse Clinical and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Patients with Advanced Fibrosis Due to Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis","volume":"160","author":"Younossi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onishi, S., Fukuda, A., Matsui, M., Ushiro, K., Nishikawa, T., Asai, A., Kim, S.K., and Nishikawa, H. (2023). Body Composition Analysis in Patients with Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15183878"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.193","article-title":"Exercise as an anti-inflammatory therapy for rheumatic diseases\u2014Myokine regulation","volume":"11","author":"Benatti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnaa016","article-title":"Muscle\u2013Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines","volume":"41","author":"Severinsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bourie, A.D., Potier, J.-B., Pinget, M., and Bouzakri, K. (2023). Myokines: Crosstalk and Consequences on Liver Physiopathology. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15071729"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angulo, J., El Assar, M., \u00c1lvarez-Bustos, A., and Rodr\u00edguez-Ma\u00f1as, L. (2020). Physical activity and exercise: Strategies to manage frailty. Redox Biol., 35.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101513"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.09.001","article-title":"Global Phosphoproteomic Analysis of Human Skeletal Muscle Reveals a Network of Exercise-Regulated Kinases and AMPK Substrates","volume":"22","author":"Hoffman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12530","article-title":"Astaxanthin stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis in insulin resistant muscle via activation of AMPK pathway","volume":"11","author":"Nishida","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cachex-Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-4584-5_11","article-title":"Inter-Organ Communication Involved in Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis","volume":"1461","author":"Takahashi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves, H.R., Lomba, G.S.B., Gon\u00e7alves-de-Albuquerque, C.F., and Burth, P. (2022). Irisin, Exercise, and COVID-19. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.879066"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murawska-Cia\u0142owicz, E., Wiatr, M., Cia\u0142owicz, M., Gomes, D.A.G., Borowicz, W., Rocha-Rodrigues, S., Pap-rocka-Borowicz, M., and Marques, A. (2021). BDNF Impact on Biological Markers of Depression-Role of Physical Exercise and Training. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147553"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2018-0192","article-title":"Exercise and circulating BDNF: Mechanisms of release and implications for the design of exercise interventions","volume":"43","author":"Walsh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(23)02130-X","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor knock-out mice develop non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"78","author":"Shimizu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2012.08.021","article-title":"Human skeletal muscle releases leptin in vivo","volume":"60","author":"Wolsk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0253-1","article-title":"Exercise lowers leptin and leukocytosis","volume":"20","author":"Bird","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/387083a0","article-title":"Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-beta superfamily member","volume":"387","author":"McPherron","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-020-00599-y","article-title":"Muscle, Bone, and Fat Crosstalk: The Biological Role of Myokines, Osteokines, and Adipokines","volume":"18","author":"Kirk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1261","article-title":"The effect of sarcopenia and serum myokines on prognosis and survival in cirrhotic patients: A multicenter cross-sectional study","volume":"34","author":"Boga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.06.123","article-title":"The myokine decorin is regulated by contraction and involved in muscle hypertrophy","volume":"450","author":"Kanzleiter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawaguchi, T., Yoshio, S., Sakamoto, Y., Hashida, R., Koya, S., Hirota, K., Nakano, D., Yamamura, S., Niizeki, T., and Matsuse, H. (2020). Impact of Decorin on the Physical Function and Prognosis of Patients with Hepatocellular Car-cinoma. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9040936"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.13667","article-title":"Myostatin as a fibroblast-activating factor impacts on postoperative outcome in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"51","author":"Yoshio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2020.0005","article-title":"The association of the serum levels of myostatin, follistatin, and interleukin-6 with sarcopenia, and their impacts on survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"26","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Mol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"e14629","article-title":"Polysorbate 80-in duced leaky gut impairs skeletal muscle metabolism in mice","volume":"20","author":"Nishimura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-020-0188-7","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids as potential regulators of skeletal muscle metabolism and function","volume":"2","author":"Frampton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106251","article-title":"Exercise-acclimated microbiota improves skeletal muscle metabolism via circulating bile acid deconjugation","volume":"26","author":"Aoi","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikkhah, A., Ejtahed, H.-S., Marvasti, F.E., Taghavi, M., Pakmehr, A., Hajipour, F., and Larijani, B. (2022). The critical role of gut microbiota dysbiosis in skeletal muscle wasting: A systematic review. J. Appl. Microbiol., 134.","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxac014"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.10-164152","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 mediates lipopolysaccha ride-induced muscle catabolism via coordinate activa tion of ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosome pathways","volume":"25","author":"Doyle","year":"2011","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2017.08.010","article-title":"The potential and promise of IL-15 in immuno-oncogenic therapies","volume":"190","author":"Robinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2513","article-title":"Interleukin-6 enhances insulin secretion by increasing glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion from L cells and alpha cells","volume":"17","author":"Ellingsgaard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0011-z","article-title":"The gut\u2013liver axis and the intersection with the microbiome","volume":"15","author":"Tripathi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.72","article-title":"The gut microbiome and liver cancer: Mechanisms and clinical translation","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.05.007","article-title":"Targeting the gut-liver axis in liver disease","volume":"67","author":"Wiest","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14876","article-title":"Characterization of the gut-liver-muscle axis in cirrhotic patients with sarcopenia","volume":"41","author":"Ponziani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.01.003","article-title":"Gut liver muscle brain axis: A comprehensive viewpoint on prognosis in cirrhosis","volume":"77","author":"Ridola","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2662","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2009.205","article-title":"The structure of myostatin:follistatin 288: Insights into receptor utilization and heparin binding","volume":"28","author":"Cash","year":"2009","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14938","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.25.14938","article-title":"Organization of the human myostatin gene and expression in healthy men and HIV-infected men with muscle wasting","volume":"95","author":"Taylor","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"343","article-title":"Serum myostatin-immunoreactive protein is increased in 60\u201392 year old women and men with muscle wasting","volume":"6","author":"Yarasheski","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2013.06.004","article-title":"A myostatin inhibitor (propeptide-Fc) increases muscle mass and muscle fiber size in aged mice but does not increase bone density or bone strength","volume":"48","author":"Arounleut","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, M., Hammers, D.W., Barton, E.R., and Sweeney, H.L. (2016). Activin Receptor Type IIB Inhibition Improves Muscle Phe-notype and Function in a Mouse Model of Spinal Muscular Atrophy. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166803"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102488","article-title":"Systemic administration of monovalent follistatin-like 3-Fc-fusion protein increases muscle mass in mice","volume":"24","author":"Ozawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, M., Liu, C., Jiang, N., Liu, Y., Luo, S., Li, C., Zhao, H., Han, Y., Chen, W., and Li, L. (2023). Myostatin: A potential therapeutic target for metabolic syndrome. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1181913"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2024.101880","article-title":"Antibody blockade of activin type II receptors preserves skeletal muscle mass and enhances fat loss during GLP-1 receptor agonism","volume":"80","author":"Nunn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/3\/1043\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:36:16Z","timestamp":1759919776000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/3\/1043"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26031043"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26031043","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]]}}}