{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T14:26:06Z","timestamp":1792506366194,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]],"date-time":"2025-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ETEP Research group (University Complutense of Madrid, Spain)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the innate immune response of human macrophages to Porphyromonas gingivalis W83 using a novel in vitro infection model. The growth kinetics of P. gingivalis W83 were analyzed, revealing an exponential growth phase at 8 h (optical density = 0.70). To establish a reliable macrophage model, the differentiation of THP-1 monocytes into macrophages was optimized using low concentrations of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). This approach induced enhanced adherence and morphological changes, with full differentiation achieved after 48 h of PMA treatment followed by 24 h of rest. Polarization towards the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype was successfully induced with interferon-\u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as confirmed using cytokine profiling. Cytokine analysis using Luminex\u00ae technology demonstrated significant increases in interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), and IL-6, indicating the effective activation of macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Building upon this macrophage model, this study investigated the interactions between macrophages and P. gingivalis W83 during its exponential growth phase. After a one-hour infection period, bacterial DNA quantification in supernatants and lysed macrophages revealed minimal levels of internalized or adherent bacteria, supporting the hypothesis that P. gingivalis effectively evades immune detection. These findings emphasize the utility of this model in uncovering the sophisticated immune evasion strategies employed by P. gingivalis, with significant implications for the development of targeted therapeutic interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26031054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T03:54:27Z","timestamp":1737950067000},"page":"1054","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["In Vitro Infection of Human Macrophages with Porphyromonas gingivalis W83"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Martina","family":"La Rosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases) Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Spagnolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases) Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Daniel","family":"Gamonal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases) Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Jose","family":"Mar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases) Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Figuero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases) Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6293-5755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariano","family":"Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases) Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S173","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.17-0721","article-title":"Periodontitis: Consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions","volume":"89","author":"Papapanou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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