{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T03:58:36Z","timestamp":1791950316395,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]],"date-time":"2025-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of plastics, valued for its affordability, durability, and convenience, has grown significantly with the advancement of industry. Paradoxically, these very properties of plastics have also led to significant environmental challenges. Plastics are highly resistant to decomposition, resulting in their accumulation on land, where they eventually enter aquatic environments, due to natural processes or human activities. Among these plastics, microplastics, which are tiny plastic particles, are particularly concerning when they enter aquatic ecosystems, including rivers and seas. Their small size makes them easily ingestible by aquatic organisms, either by mistake or through natural feeding behaviors, which poses serious risks. Moreover, microplastics readily adsorb other pollutants present in aquatic environments, creating pollutant complexes that can have a synergistic impact, magnifying their harmful effects compared to microplastics or pollutants acting alone. As a result, extensive research has focused on understanding the effects of microplastics on aquatic organisms. Numerous studies have demonstrated that aquatic organisms exposed to microplastics, either alone or in combination with other pollutants, exhibit abnormal hatching, development, and growth. Additionally, many genes, particularly those associated with the antioxidant system, display abnormal expression patterns in these conditions. In this review, we examine these impacts, by discussing specific studies that explore changes in phenotype and gene expression in aquatic organisms exposed to microplastics, both independently and in combination with adsorbed pollutants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26031080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T03:54:27Z","timestamp":1737950067000},"page":"1080","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Phenotypic and Gene Expression Alterations in Aquatic Organisms Exposed to Microplastics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4578-3323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun Ju","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woo Ryung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9575-7043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun Gyung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8403-4395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Du Hyeong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2964-7331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung-min","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7403-1729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeon-su","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, 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Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1877-4154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vaibhav","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anshuman","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Advanced Materials, IAAM, Gammalkilsv\u00e4gen 18, 590 53 Ulrika, Sweden"},{"name":"International Institute of Water, Air Force Radar Road, Bijolai, Jodhpur 342003, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5226-6594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heui-Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of 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