{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T20:54:48Z","timestamp":1782939288977,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":194,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2021R1F1A1048156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1F1A1048156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GCU-202406410001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GCU-202406410001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002631","name":"Gachon University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2021R1F1A1048156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1F1A1048156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002631","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002631","name":"Gachon University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GCU-202406410001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GCU-202406410001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002631","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) were synthesized in this study to enhance the limited bioactivity and stability of Cordyceps militaris grown on germinated Rhynchosia nulubilis (GRC) and effectively deliver it to target tissues. Under optimized conditions, stable encapsulation of GRC was achieved by setting the chitosan (CHI)-to-tripolyphosphate (TPP) ratio to 4:1 and adjusting the pH of TPP to 2, resulting in a zeta potential of +22.77 mV, which indicated excellent stability. As the concentration of GRC increased, the encapsulation efficiency decreased, whereas the loading efficiency increased. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy revealed shifts in the amide I and II bands of CHI from 1659 and 1578 to 1639 cm\u207b1, indicating hydrogen bonding and successful encapsulation of GRC encapsulated with CNPs (GCN). X-ray diffraction (XRD) examination revealed the transition of the nanoparticles from a crystalline to an amorphous state, further confirming successful encapsulation. In vivo experiments demonstrated that GCN treatment significantly reduced lung injury scores in fine particulate matter (PM2.5)-exposed mice (p &lt; 0.05) and alleviated lung epithelial barrier damage by restoring the decreased expression of occludin protein (p &lt; 0.05). In addition, GCN decreased the PM2.5-induced upregulation of MMP-9 and COL1A1 mRNA expression levels, preventing extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and collagen accumulation (p &lt; 0.05). GCN exhibited antioxidant effects by reducing the mRNA expression of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and enhancing both the protein and mRNA expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) caused by PM2.5, thereby alleviating oxidative stress (p &lt; 0.05). In A549 cells, GCN significantly reduced PM2.5-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production compared with GRC (p &lt; 0.05), with enhanced intracellular uptake confirmed using fluorescence microscopy (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, GCN effectively alleviated PM2.5-induced lung damage by attenuating oxidative stress, suppressing apoptosis, and preserving the lung epithelial barrier integrity. These results emphasize its potential as a therapeutic candidate for preventing and treating the lung diseases associated with PM2.5 exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26031105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T09:42:23Z","timestamp":1737970943000},"page":"1105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Chitosan Nanoparticle-Encapsulated Cordyceps militaris Grown on Germinated Rhynchosia nulubilis Reduces Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cell Apoptosis in PM2.5-Induced Lung Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Hyo-Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong-Heon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9158-8086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byung-Jin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye-Jin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111281","article-title":"Role of atmospheric particulate matter exposure in COVID-19 and other health risks in human: A review","volume":"198","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, July 04). 9 out of 10 People Worldwide Breathe Polluted Air, but More Countries Are Taking Action. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/detail\/02-05-2018-9-out-of-10-people-worldwide-breathe-polluted-air-but-more-countries-are-taking-action."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s40808-016-0181-z","article-title":"Impact of atmospheric dust emission schemes on dust production and concentration over the Arabian Peninsula","volume":"2","author":"Fountoukis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Model. Earth Syst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.02.016","article-title":"Beijing urban particulate matter-induced injury and inflammation in human lung epithelial cells and the protective effects of fucosterol from Sargassum binderi (Sonder ex J. Agardh)","volume":"172","author":"Fernando","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111036","article-title":"Ambient particulate matter burden of disease in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","volume":"197","author":"Alsufyani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.132435","article-title":"Health risk and disease burden attributable to long-term global fine-mode particles","volume":"287","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e27083","article-title":"Causal relationship between particulate matter and COVID-19 risk: A mendelian randomization study","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comunian, S., Dongo, D., Milani, C., and Palestini, P. (2020). Air pollution and COVID-19: The role of particulate matter in the spread and increase of COVID-19\u2019s morbidity and mortality. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124487"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2021.104460","article-title":"Sulforaphane attenuates oxidative stress and inflammation induced by fine particulate matter in human bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"81","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di, A., Wu, Y., Chen, M., Nie, D., and Ge, X. (2020). Chemical characterization of seasonal PM2.5 samples and their cytotoxicity in human lung epithelial cells (A549). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124599"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.04.038","article-title":"Activation of different pathways of apoptosis by air pollution particulate matter (PM2.5) in human epithelial lung cells (L132) in culture","volume":"225","author":"Dagher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.3390\/biom5031399","article-title":"Activation of proinflammatory responses in cells of the airway mucosa by particulate matter: Oxidant-and non-oxidant-mediated triggering mechanisms","volume":"5","author":"Refsnes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bo, L., Jiang, S., Xie, Y., Kan, H., Song, W., and Zhao, J. (2016). Effect of vitamin E and omega-3 fatty acids on protecting ambient PM2.5-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress in vascular endothelial cells. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152216"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12784","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b03823","article-title":"Oxidative potential of particulate matter and generation of reactive oxygen species in epithelial lining fluid","volume":"53","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.10.005","article-title":"A review on the human health impact of airborne particulate matter","volume":"74","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2010.07.010","article-title":"Medicinal uses of the mushroom Cordyceps militaris: Current state and prospects","volume":"81","author":"Das","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20160076","DOI":"10.1515\/ijfe-2016-0076","article-title":"Effects of processing treatments on the antioxidant properties of polysaccharide from Cordyceps militaris","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2013.03.041","article-title":"Structural analysis and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from cultured Cordyceps militaris","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.26502\/jbb.2642-91280035","article-title":"Interactions between adenosine receptors and cordycepin (3\u2032-deoxyadenosine) from cordyceps militaris: Possible pharmacological mechanisms for protection of the brain and the amelioration of COVID-19 pneumonia","volume":"4","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phull, A.-R., Ahmed, M., and Park, H.-J. (2022). Cordyceps militaris as a bio functional food source: Pharmacological potential, anti-inflammatory actions and related molecular mechanisms. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020405"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, L., Yang, J., Kong, W., Liu, Y., Liu, S., and Su, L. (2023). Cordyceps militaris polysaccharide alleviates ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma through the Nrf2\/HO-1 and NF-\u03baB signaling pathways and regulates the gut microbiota. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 238.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124333"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.3109\/07388551.2014.900604","article-title":"Biotechnological production and applications of Cordyceps militaris, a valued traditional Chinese medicine","volume":"35","author":"Cui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10194","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0721287","article-title":"In vivo anti-influenza virus activity of an immunomodulatory acidic polysaccharide isolated from Cordyceps militaris grown on germinated soybeans","volume":"55","author":"Ohta","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4258","DOI":"10.1021\/jf903822e","article-title":"Metabolomics revealed novel isoflavones and optimal cultivation time of Cordyceps militaris fermentation","volume":"58","author":"Choi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phull, A.-R., Dhong, K.-R., and Park, H.-J. (2021). Lactic acid bacteria fermented Cordyceps militaris (GRC-SC11) suppresses ige mediated mast cell activation and type i hypersensitive allergic murine model. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113849"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4742","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms10114742","article-title":"Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of ethanolic extracts of Glycine max (L.) Merr and Rhynchosia nulubilis seeds","volume":"10","author":"Yim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1002\/fft2.376","article-title":"A systematic review of black soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.): Nutritional composition, bioactive compounds, health benefits, and processing to application","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Front."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5935","DOI":"10.1021\/jf201593n","article-title":"Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity in seed coats of 60 Chinese black soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) varieties","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganesan, K., and Xu, B. (2017). A critical review on polyphenols and health benefits of black soybeans. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9050455"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatterjee, C., Gleddie, S., and Xiao, C.-W. (2018). Soybean bioactive peptides and their functional properties. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091211"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.230912","article-title":"Inflammaging and skeletal muscle: Can protein intake make a difference?","volume":"146","author":"Draganidis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.-J., and Park, H.-J. (2021). Germinated Rhynchosia nulubilis fermented with lactobacillus pentosus SC65 reduces particulate matter induced type II alveolar epithelial apoptotic cell death. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073660"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Santo, M.C., D\u2019Antoni, C.L., Rubio, A.P.D., Alaimo, A., and P\u00e9rez, O.E. (2021). Chitosan-tripolyphosphate nanoparticles designed to encapsulate polyphenolic compounds for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications\u2014A review. Biomed. Pharmacother., 142.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111970"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.118642","article-title":"Improvement strategies for the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble flavonoids: An overview","volume":"570","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2013.07.066","article-title":"Enhanced bioavailability of poorly absorbed hydrophilic compounds through drug complex\/in situ gelling formulation","volume":"457","author":"Dai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2015.04.032","article-title":"Characterization and stability of bioactive compounds from soybean meal","volume":"63","author":"Perrone","year":"2015","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marsup, P., Yeerong, K., Neimkhum, W., Sirithunyalug, J., Anuchapreeda, S., To-Anun, C., and Chaiyana, W. (2020). Enhancement of chemical stability and dermal delivery of Cordyceps militaris extracts by nanoemulsion. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10081565"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2014.05.010","article-title":"A review: Using nanoparticles to enhance absorption and bioavailability of phenolic phytochemicals","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5853","DOI":"10.1039\/D2TB01190E","article-title":"Nanoparticles for oral delivery: Targeted therapy for inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2006.08.013","article-title":"Nanoparticles as potential oral delivery systems of proteins and vaccines: A mechanistic approach","volume":"116","author":"Fievez","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-012-0060-7","article-title":"Nanotechnology as emerging tool for enhancing solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs","volume":"2","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bionanoscience"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imam, S.S., Alshehri, S., Ghoneim, M.M., Zafar, A., Alsaidan, O.A., Alruwaili, N.K., Gilani, S.J., and Rizwanullah, M. (2021). Recent advancement in chitosan-based nanoparticles for improved oral bioavailability and bioactivity of phytochemicals: Challenges and perspectives. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13224036"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3272","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2891","article-title":"Preparation, physical properties, and evaluation of antioxidant capacity of aqueous grape extract loaded in chitosan-TPP nanoparticles","volume":"10","author":"Soleymanfallah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.15171\/apb.2019.023","article-title":"Current advances in chitosan nanoparticles based drug delivery and targeting","volume":"9","author":"Garg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sivanesan, I., Gopal, J., Muthu, M., Shin, J., Mari, S., and Oh, J. (2021). Green synthesized chitosan\/chitosan nanoforms\/nanocomposites for drug delivery applications. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13142256"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Naggar, N.E.-A., Saber, W.I., Zweil, A.M., and Bashir, S.I. (2022). An innovative green synthesis approach of chitosan nanoparticles and their inhibitory activity against phytopathogenic Botrytis cinerea on strawberry leaves. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07073-y"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8509396","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8509396","article-title":"Chitosan-Coated Solid Lipid Nano-Encapsulation Improves the Therapeutic Antiairway Inflammation Effect of Berberine against COPD in Cigarette Smoke-Exposed Rats","volume":"2022","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2008.12.004","article-title":"Nanoparticle-based targeted drug delivery","volume":"86","author":"Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2018.1501119","article-title":"The challenges of oral drug delivery via nanocarriers","volume":"25","author":"Reinholz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2014.06.018","article-title":"Polymeric nanoparticle technologies for oral drug delivery","volume":"12","author":"Pridgen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.06.016","article-title":"Nanoparticles for oral delivery: Design, evaluation and state-of-the-art","volume":"240","author":"Date","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2013.01.003","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo models for the study of oral delivery of nanoparticles","volume":"65","author":"Gamboa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, B.-J., Dhong, K.-R., and Park, H.-J. (2024). Cordyceps militaris Grown on Germinated Rhynchosia nulubilis (GRC) Encapsulated in Chitosan Nanoparticle (GCN) Suppresses Particulate Matter (PM)-Induced Lung Inflammation in Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910642"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aibani, N., Rai, R., Patel, P., Cuddihy, G., and Wasan, E.K. (2021). Chitosan nanoparticles at the biological interface: Implications for drug delivery. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13101686"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2010.08.029","article-title":"Uptake and cytotoxicity of chitosan nanoparticles in human liver cells","volume":"249","author":"Loh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jafernik, K., \u0141adniak, A., Blicharska, E., Czarnek, K., Ekiert, H., Wi\u0105cek, A.E., and Szopa, A. (2023). Chitosan-based nanoparticles as effective drug delivery systems\u2014A review. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28041963"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1039\/B801739P","article-title":"Nano-and micro-structured assemblies for encapsulation of food ingredients","volume":"38","author":"Augustin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2011.04.005","article-title":"Controlling drug nanoparticle formation by rapid precipitation","volume":"63","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.01.034","article-title":"Facts and evidences on the lyophilization of polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery","volume":"225","author":"Fonte","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2015.06.010","article-title":"Production of antimicrobial chitosan nanoparticles against food pathogens","volume":"167","author":"Madureira","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soltanzadeh, M., Peighambardoust, S.H., Ghanbarzadeh, B., Mohammadi, M., and Lorenzo, J.M. (2021). Chitosan nanoparticles as a promising nanomaterial for encapsulation of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel extract as a natural source of antioxidants. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11061439"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3316","DOI":"10.1021\/jf904091d","article-title":"Characteristics and antioxidant activity of Elsholtzia splendens extract-loaded nanoparticles","volume":"58","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1007\/s11814-010-0485-z","article-title":"Preparation of chitosan nanoparticles for encapsulation and release of protein","volume":"28","author":"Jarudilokkul","year":"2011","journal-title":"Korean J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e08632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e08632","article-title":"Entrapment of rosemary extract by liposomes formulated by Mozafari method: Physicochemical characterization and optimization","volume":"7","author":"Jahanfar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.4103\/0250-474X.59549","article-title":"Design and evaluation of niacin microspheres","volume":"71","author":"Maravajhala","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2010.06.029","article-title":"Preparation, characterization and evaluation of selenite-loaded chitosan\/TPP nanoparticles with or without zein coating","volume":"82","author":"Luo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morales-Ol\u00e1n, G., Luna-Su\u00e1rez, S., Figueroa-C\u00e1rdenas, J.D.D., Corea, M., and Rojas-L\u00f3pez, M. (2021). Synthesis and characterization of chitosan particles loaded with antioxidants extracted from chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds. Int. J. Anal. Chem., 2021.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5540543"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2007.11.007","article-title":"Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with dorzolamide and pramipexole","volume":"73","author":"Papadimitriou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manne, A.A., Mangamuri, U., and Podha, S. (2020). Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. heartwood extract synthesized chitosan nanoparticles and its biomedical applications. J. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-020-00033-x"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.09.051","article-title":"Induction of IL-8 expression by Cordyceps militaris grown on germinated soybeans through lipid rafts formation and signaling pathways via ERK and JNK in A549 cells","volume":"127","author":"Han","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1021\/jf205199j","article-title":"Antiallergic activity of novel isoflavone methyl-glycosides from Cordyceps militaris grown on germinated soybeans in antigen-stimulated mast cells","volume":"60","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.20463\/pan.2020.0022","article-title":"Anti-atopic dermatitis properties of Cordyceps militaris on TNF\u03b1\/IFN\u03b3-stimulated HaCaT cells and experimentally induced atopic dermatitis in mice","volume":"24","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Act. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42145","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA06449K","article-title":"Ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction of a water soluble polysaccharide from dragon fruit peel and its antioxidant activity","volume":"8","author":"Qian","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2011.09.042","article-title":"Formation mechanism of monodisperse, low molecular weight chitosan nanoparticles by ionic gelation technique","volume":"90","author":"Fan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2010.12.031","article-title":"Preparation, characterization and in vitro release study of carvacrol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles","volume":"84","author":"Keawchaoon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2011.01.005","article-title":"Preparation, characterization, in vitro drug release and biological studies of curcumin loaded dextran sulphate\u2013chitosan nanoparticles","volume":"84","author":"Anitha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2009.11.007","article-title":"Encapsulation of ascorbyl palmitate in chitosan nanoparticles by oil-in-water emulsion and ionic gelation processes","volume":"76","author":"Yoksan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.11.086","article-title":"Shelf life and delivery enhancement of vitamin C using chitosan nanoparticles","volume":"126","author":"Alishahi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315101","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/21\/31\/315101","article-title":"Biocompatible PEGylated gold nanorods as colored contrast agents for targeted in vivo cancer applications","volume":"21","author":"Kopwitthaya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2019.05.77","article-title":"Particulate matter disrupts airway epithelial barrier via oxidative stress to promote Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3801","article-title":"The determination and interpretation of the therapeutic index in drug development","volume":"11","author":"Muller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487074","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/487074","article-title":"Oxidative stress and air pollution exposure","volume":"2011","author":"Lodovici","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.211","article-title":"Systematic and integrative analysis of large gene lists using DAVID bioinformatics resources","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashraf, S.A., Elkhalifa, A.E.O., Siddiqui, A.J., Patel, M., Awadelkareem, A.M., Snoussi, M., Ashraf, M.S., Adnan, M., and Hadi, S. (2020). Cordycepin for health and wellbeing: A potent bioactive metabolite of an entomopathogenic medicinal fungus Cordyceps with its nutraceutical and therapeutic potential. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25122735"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2016.02.009","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of adenosine isolated from Cordyceps cicadae against oxidative and ER stress damages induced by glutamate in PC12 cells","volume":"44","author":"Olatunji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2014.05.007","article-title":"Adenosine, a hepato-protective component in active hexose correlated compound: Its identification and iNOS suppression mechanism","volume":"40","author":"Tanaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2012.1248","article-title":"Protective effect of Cordyceps polysaccharide on hydrogen peroxide-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in HL-7702 cells","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-012-1005-6","article-title":"Comparison of the structural characterization and biological activity of acidic polysaccharides from Cordyceps militaris cultured with different media","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u0119drejko, K.J., Lazur, J., and Muszy\u0144ska, B. (2021). Cordyceps militaris: An overview of its chemical constituents in relation to biological activity. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10112634"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Z., Du, B., Li, J., Yang, Y., and Zhu, F. (2021). An insight into anti-inflammatory activities and inflammation related diseases of anthocyanins: A review of both in vivo and in vitro investigations. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222011076"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X20666220119140835","article-title":"Neuroinflammation: The role of anthocyanins as neuroprotectants","volume":"20","author":"Banji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalczyk, T., Muska\u0142a, M., Merecz-Sadowska, A., Sikora, J., Picot, L., and Sitarek, P. (2024). Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Effects of Anthocyanins in In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13091143"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/17.1.73","article-title":"Inhibition of UV light-and Fenton Reaction-induced oxidative DNA damage by the soybcan isoflavone genistein","volume":"17","author":"Wei","year":"1996","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2014.962057","article-title":"Protection by genistein on cortical neurons against oxidative stress injury via inhibition of NF-kappaB, JNK and ERK signaling pathway","volume":"53","author":"Qian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2147\/NSA.S254770","article-title":"Cordycepin nanoencapsulated in poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) exhibits better cytotoxicity and lower hemotoxicity than free drug","volume":"13","author":"Marslin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"1863","article-title":"Solid lipid nanoparticles as oral delivery systems of phenolic compounds: Overcoming pharmacokinetic limitations for nutraceutical applications","volume":"57","author":"Nunes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2020.102153","article-title":"Application of nano\/microencapsulated phenolic compounds against cancer","volume":"279","author":"Rahaiee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.02.031","article-title":"Two-step method for encapsulation of oregano essential oil in chitosan nanoparticles: Preparation, characterization and in vitro release study","volume":"95","author":"Hosseini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2015.10.079","article-title":"Sunitinib loaded chitosan nanoparticles formulation and its evaluation","volume":"82","author":"Joseph","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2009.05.021","article-title":"Studies on electrospun nylon-6\/chitosan complex nanofiber interactions","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2023.108684","article-title":"Preparation, characterization, and evaluation of tamarind seed polysaccharide-carboxymethylcellulose buccal films loaded with soybean peptides-chitosan nanoparticles","volume":"141","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9153","DOI":"10.1021\/jp8048586","article-title":"Quantitative scale for the extent of conjugation of carbonyl groups: \u201cCarbonylicity\u201d percentage as a chemical driving force","volume":"112","author":"Mucsi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13110","article-title":"Overviews on the cellular uptake mechanism of polysaccharide colloidal nanoparticles","volume":"21","author":"Salatin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2602","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00346","article-title":"Degradable controlled-release polymers and polymeric nanoparticles: Mechanisms of controlling drug release","volume":"116","author":"Kamaly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2008.03.006","article-title":"Uptake of oleoyl-chitosan nanoparticles by A549 cells","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S5098","article-title":"Particulate matter air pollution exposure: Role in the development and exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"4","author":"Ling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.4.9910097","article-title":"Balance of matrix metalloprotease-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-1 from alveolar macrophages in cigarette smokers: Regulation by interleukin-10","volume":"162","author":"Lim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-6-14","article-title":"Marked alveolar apoptosis\/proliferation imbalance in end-stage emphysema","volume":"6","author":"Calabrese","year":"2005","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.4046\/trd.2019.0025","article-title":"Particulate-matter related respiratory diseases","volume":"83","author":"Kyung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tuberc. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.04.021","article-title":"Multiple mechanisms of soy isoflavones against oxidative stress-induced endothelium injury","volume":"47","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4476","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.3949","article-title":"Soy isoflavones protect against H2O2-induced injury in human umbilical vein endothelial cells","volume":"12","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.F269","article-title":"Apoptosis and emphysema: The missing link","volume":"28","author":"Tuder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3573","article-title":"Nasal epithelial barrier disruption by particulate matter \u2264 2.5 \u03bcm via tight junction protein degradation","volume":"38","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S.-H., Lee, H.-C., Jeong, H.M., Lee, J.-S., Cha, H.-J., Kim, C.H., Kim, J., and Song, K.S. (2023). Inhibition of Urban Particulate Matter-Induced Airway Inflammation by RIPK3 through the Regulation of Tight Junction Protein Production. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713320"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.126954","article-title":"Dysfunction of pulmonary epithelial tight junction induced by silicon dioxide nanoparticles via the ROS\/ERK pathway and protein degradation","volume":"255","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2017.12.18","article-title":"New insights into the mechanisms of pulmonary edema in acute lung injury","volume":"6","author":"Herrero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2020.07.017","article-title":"Urban particulate matter regulates tight junction proteins by inducing oxidative stress via the Akt signal pathway in human nasal epithelial cells","volume":"333","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2010.08.001","article-title":"Role of flavonoids in intestinal tight junction regulation","volume":"22","author":"Suzuki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E393","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27510","article-title":"ROS is involved in disruption of tight junctions of human nasal epithelial cells induced by HRV16","volume":"128","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fountain, M.D., Abernathy, L.M., Lonardo, F., Rothstein, S.E., Dominello, M.M., Yunker, C.K., Chen, W., Gadgeel, S., Joiner, M.C., and Hillman, G.G. (2015). Radiation-induced esophagitis is mitigated by soy isoflavones. Front. Oncol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2015.00238"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-012-8331-5","article-title":"Regulation of the immune response by soybean isoflavones","volume":"54","author":"Masilamani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-019-1081-3","article-title":"Role of PM 2.5 in the development and progression of COPD and its mechanisms","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.12.082","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of MMPs in the respiratory tract: Potential implications in asthma and other lung diseases","volume":"533","author":"Gueders","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2002-0166TR","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase-9 in lung remodeling","volume":"28","author":"Atkinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4398","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2017.09.135","article-title":"Urban particulate matter triggers lung inflammation via the ROS-MAPK-NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114301","article-title":"Diesel particulate matter 2.5 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human retinal pigment epithelial cells via generation of reactive oxygen species","volume":"262","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1006","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00015.2014","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase-9 activates TGF-\u03b2 and stimulates fibroblast contraction of collagen gels","volume":"306","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, C.-I., Tsai, C.-H., Sun, Y.-L., Hsieh, W.-Y., Lin, Y.-C., Chen, C.-Y., and Lin, C.-S. (2018). Instillation of particulate matter 2.5 induced acute lung injury and attenuated the injury recovery in ACE2 knockout mice. Int. J. Biol. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.23489"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2000000700004","article-title":"Role of gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 in tissue remodeling following acute lung injury","volume":"33","author":"Corbel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lima, A., Oliveira, J., Sa\u00fade, F., Mota, J., and Ferreira, R.B. (2017). Proteins in soy might have a higher role in cancer prevention than previously expected: Soybean protein fractions are more effective MMP-9 inhibitors than non-protein fractions, even in cooked seeds. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9030201"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2011.02.001","article-title":"Inhibition of airway inflammation, hyperresponsiveness and remodeling by soy isoflavone in a murine model of allergic asthma","volume":"11","author":"Bao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, D.K., and Park, H.-J. (2013). Ethanol extract of Cordyceps militaris grown on germinated soybeans attenuates dextran-sodium-sulfate-(DSS-) induced colitis by suppressing the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and inflammatory mediators. BioMed Res. Int., 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/102918"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-022-00483-w","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomics reveals immune dysregulation mediated by IL-17A in initiation of chronic lung injuries upon real-ambient particulate matter exposure","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2023.114201","article-title":"Particulate matter-mediated oxidative stress induces airway inflammation and pulmonary dysfunction through TXNIP\/NF-\u03baB and modulation of the SIRT1-mediated p53 and TGF-\u03b2\/Smad3 pathways in mice","volume":"183","author":"Ha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.12.061","article-title":"PM2.5 induced pulmonary fibrosis in vivo and in vitro","volume":"171","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, C.-M., Kim, H.-Y., Jeon, D., Shin, Y.-J., Kim, I.-H., Choi, S.-J., Kim, K.C., Lee, K., Kim, S.-H., and Kim, M.-S. (2022). Anti-fibrotic effect of pycnogenol\u00ae in a polyhexamethylene guanidine-treated mouse model. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol., 296.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103802"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8532","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15475","article-title":"IL-17A-producing T cells exacerbate fine particulate matter-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis by inhibiting PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR-mediated autophagy","volume":"24","author":"Cong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-021-00404-3","article-title":"Upregulation of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 by particulate matter and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A potential role in severe COVID-19","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2023.104329","article-title":"Promotion of myofibroblast differentiation through repeated treatment of fibroblasts to low concentrations of PM2.5","volume":"105","author":"Craig","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2014.04.005","article-title":"Daidzein exhibits anti-fibrotic effect by reducing the expressions of Proteinase activated receptor 2 and TGF\u03b21\/smad mediated inflammation and apoptosis in Bleomycin-induced experimental pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"103","author":"Soumyakrishnan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bionut.2011.09.005","article-title":"Daidzein attenuates inflammation and exhibits antifibrotic effect against Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in Wistar rats","volume":"1","author":"Soumyakrishnan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomed. Prev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2023-0099","article-title":"Genistein alleviates pulmonary fibrosis by inactivating lung fibroblasts","volume":"57","author":"Kwon","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMB Rep."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8613523","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8613523","article-title":"Study on the mechanism of curcumin regulating lung injury induced by outdoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5)","volume":"2019","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2023.114362","article-title":"Oxidative stress is the pivot for PM2.5-induced lung injury","volume":"184","author":"Hou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, H., Jiang, M., Li, D., Zhao, Y., Yu, D., Zhang, R., Chen, W., Pi, J., Chen, R., and Cui, L. (2021). Effects of Real-Ambient PM2.5 Exposure on Lung Damage Modulated by Nrf2\u2212\/\u2212. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.662664"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thangavel, P., Park, D., and Lee, Y.-C. (2022). Recent insights into particulate matter (PM2.5)-mediated toxicity in humans: An overview. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19127511"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2004.5.1.11","article-title":"Comparative study of PM2.5-and PM10-induced oxidative stress in rat lung epithelial cells","volume":"5","author":"Choi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s13273-014-0040-9","article-title":"Gene expression profiling of human alveolar epithelial cells (A549 cells) exposed to atmospheric particulate matter 2.5 (PM 2.5) collected from Seoul, Korea","volume":"10","author":"Jeong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s13273-018-0018-0","article-title":"A study of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of particulate matter (PM 2.5) in human lung epithelial cells (A549)","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138181","article-title":"Overview of PM2.5 and health outcomes: Focusing on components, sources, and pollutant mixture co-exposure","volume":"323","author":"Nan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Driscoll, C.A., Gallo, M.E., Hoffmann, E.J., Fechner, J.H., Schauer, J.J., Bradfield, C.A., and Mezrich, J.D. (2018). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in ambient urban dust drive proinflammatory T cell and dendritic cell responses via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) in vitro. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209690"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123675","article-title":"Particulate matter stimulates the NADPH oxidase system via AhR-mediated epigenetic modifications","volume":"347","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-021-00417-y","article-title":"Prolonged exposure to traffic-related particulate matter and gaseous pollutants implicate distinct molecular mechanisms of lung injury in rats","volume":"18","author":"Jheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Meng, X., Meng, M., Shi, M., Sun, W., Li, X., Zhang, X., Liu, R., Fu, Y., and Song, L. (2020). Oxidative stress activates the TRPM2-Ca2+-NLRP3 axis to promote PM2.5-induced lung injury of mice. Biomed. Pharmacother., 130.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110481"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-024-01433-3","article-title":"Dynamics of Inflammatory and Pathological Changes Induced by Single Exposure of Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in Mice: Potential Implications in COPD","volume":"82","author":"Chandel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2008.07.023","article-title":"Structural elucidation and biological activity of a novel polysaccharide by alkaline extraction from cultured Cordyceps militaris","volume":"75","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3886","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10093886","article-title":"Pulmonary oxidative stress, inflammation and cancer: Respirable particulate matter, fibrous dusts and ozone as major causes of lung carcinogenesis through reactive oxygen species mechanisms","volume":"10","author":"Valavanidis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23010","article-title":"Particulate matter air pollution exposure disrupts the Nrf2 pathway in sinonasal epithelium via epigenetic alterations in a murine model","volume":"12","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Somayajulu, M., Muhammed, F.S., Wright, R., McClellan, S.A., and Hazlett, L.D. (2024). Mechanisms of PM10 Disruption of the Nrf2 Pathway in Cornea. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25073754"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.12.009","article-title":"Repeated exposures to roadside particulate matter extracts suppresses pulmonary defense mechanisms, resulting in lipid and protein oxidative damage","volume":"210","author":"Pardo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Traboulsi, H., Guerrina, N., Iu, M., Maysinger, D., Ariya, P., and Baglole, C.J. (2017). Inhaled pollutants: The molecular scene behind respiratory and systemic diseases associated with ultrafine particulate matter. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18020243"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2021.15.6.686","article-title":"Schisandrae Fructus ethanol extract attenuates particulate matter 2.5-induced inflammatory and oxidative responses by blocking the activation of the ROS-dependent NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2011.03.079","article-title":"Nitrative stress in inflammatory lung diseases","volume":"25","author":"Sugiura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coem.2006.07.005","article-title":"The role of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in mediating particulate matter injury","volume":"5","author":"Xia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.L., Kim, J.M., Go, M.J., Kim, T.Y., Joo, S.G., Kim, J.H., Lee, H.S., Kim, H.-J., and Heo, H.J. (2023). Protective Effect of Lonicera japonica on PM2.5-Induced Pulmonary Damage in BALB\/c Mice via the TGF-\u03b2 and NF-\u03baB Pathway. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12040968"},{"key":"ref_166","first-page":"E69","article-title":"The impact of PM2.5 on the human respiratory system","volume":"8","author":"Xing","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7892","DOI":"10.1021\/jf034876b","article-title":"Inhibition of reactive nitrogen species effects in vitro and in vivo by isoflavones and soy-based food extracts","volume":"51","author":"Yen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazaridou, M., Christodoulou, E., Nerantzaki, M., Kostoglou, M., Lambropoulou, D.A., Katsarou, A., Pantopoulos, K., and Bikiaris, D.N. (2020). Formulation and in-vitro characterization of chitosan-nanoparticles loaded with the iron chelator deferoxamine mesylate (DFO). Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12030238"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2002-0269OC","article-title":"Particulate matter induces alveolar epithelial cell DNA damage and apoptosis: Role of free radicals and the mitochondria","volume":"29","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-014-0980-5","article-title":"Airborne fine particulate matter induces multiple cell death pathways in human lung epithelial cells","volume":"19","author":"Deng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.08.076","article-title":"Cell death pathways of particulate matter toxicity","volume":"188","author":"Peixoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25819","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-12431-w","article-title":"Cytotoxicity induced by fine particulate matter (PM2.5) via mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway in rat alveolar macrophages","volume":"28","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soberanes, S., Gonzalez, A., Urich, D., Chiarella, S.E., Radigan, K.A., Osornio-Vargas, A., Joseph, J., Kalyanaraman, B., Ridge, K.M., and Chandel, N.S. (2012). Particulate matter air pollution induces hypermethylation of the p16 promoter via a mitochondrial ROS-JNK-DNMT1 pathway. Sci. Rep., 2.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00275"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M808844200","article-title":"Mitochondrial complex III-generated oxidants activate ASK1 and JNK to induce alveolar epithelial cell death following exposure to particulate matter air pollution","volume":"284","author":"Soberanes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200602-203OC","article-title":"p53 mediates particulate matter\u2013induced alveolar epithelial cell mitochondria-regulated apoptosis","volume":"174","author":"Soberanes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.15171\/apb.2019.024","article-title":"Understanding apoptosis and apoptotic pathways targeted cancer therapeutics","volume":"9","author":"Jan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2009.08.004","article-title":"Oxidative stress and apoptosis are induced in human endothelial cells exposed to urban particulate matter","volume":"24","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2003.07.011","article-title":"Fine environmental particulate engenders alterations in human lung epithelial A549 cells","volume":"95","author":"Calcabrini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1159\/000369701","article-title":"Ambient fine particulate matter induces apoptosis of endothelial progenitor cells through reactive oxygen species formation","volume":"35","author":"Cui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2013.06.057","article-title":"Suppression of T-cell activation in vitro and in vivo by cordycepin from Cordyceps militaris","volume":"185","author":"Xiong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-015-1832-0","article-title":"Narrow therapeutic index drugs: A clinical pharmacological consideration to flecainide","volume":"71","author":"Tamargo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1039\/a902202c","article-title":"The influence of natural products upon drug discovery","volume":"17","author":"Newman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2015.09.004","article-title":"Recent studies on the delivery of hydrophilic drugs in nanoparticulate systems","volume":"32","author":"Arpicco","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1021\/mp500817h","article-title":"Release kinetics study of poorly water-soluble drugs from nanoparticles: Are we doing it right?","volume":"12","author":"Abouelmagd","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2147\/NSA.S91785","article-title":"Factors determining the stability, size distribution, and cellular accumulation of small, monodisperse chitosan nanoparticles as candidate vectors for anticancer drug delivery: Application to the passive encapsulation of [14C]-doxorubicin","volume":"8","author":"Masarudin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-017-0227-z","article-title":"Effects of urban coarse particles inhalation on oxidative and inflammatory parameters in the mouse lung and colon","volume":"14","author":"Vignal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118542","article-title":"Contributions of international sources to PM2.5 in South Korea","volume":"261","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L424","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00232.2019","article-title":"Pulmonary inflammation induced by low-dose particulate matter exposure in mice","volume":"317","author":"Chan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.1.9909034","article-title":"Septic shock and acute lung injury in rabbits with peritonitis: Failure of the neutrophil response to localized infection","volume":"163","author":"Frevert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540794","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/540794","article-title":"Prevention of LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice by progranulin","volume":"2012","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.6114\/jkood.2014.27.1.079","article-title":"Repeated dose oral toxicity study of Alismatis rhizoma in SD rats","volume":"27","author":"Roh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Ophthalmol. Otolaryngol. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhong, K.-R., Kwon, H.-K., and Park, H.-J. (2022). Immunostimulatory Activity of Cordyceps militaris Fermented with Pediococcus pentosaceus SC11 Isolated from a Salted Small Octopus in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunocompromised Mice and Its Inhibitory Activity against SARS-CoV 3CL Protease. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10122321"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113236","article-title":"Germinated black soybean fermented with Lactobacillus pentosus SC65 alleviates DNFB-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity in C57BL\/6N mice","volume":"265","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.-J., Kwon, H.-K., Kim, H.S., Kim, M.I., and Park, H.-J. (2019). Hair growth promoting effect of 4HGF encapsulated with PGA nanoparticles (PGA-4HGF) by \u03b2-catenin activation and its related cell cycle molecules. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20143447"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/3\/1105\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:37:14Z","timestamp":1759919834000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/26\/3\/1105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"references-count":194,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms26031105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26031105","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]}}}